{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:40:37Z","timestamp":1792582837084,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Sultan Qaboos University","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fasting on the innate defence mechanism by measuring the granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 levels and the enzymatic activity of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in individuals diagnosed with dental caries. Methods: This longitudinal observational study included male and female college students attended teaching dentistry clinics in Baghdad, Iraq. The study took place between November 2023 and May 2024. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all participants and the biomarkers granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 and lactate dehydrogenase were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Every subject under study underwent a clinical examination by a dentist. Results: A total of 64 college students were included in this study. The results revealed that levels of granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) increased significantly from baseline (i.e., fasting) () to post-fasting measurements (236.62 \u00b1 20.47 ng\/L versus 328.41 \u00b1 26.86 ng\/L; P = 0.010). Similarly, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity demonstrated a significant change in the same period (206.75 \u00b1 11.37 pg\/mL versus 281.19 \u00b1 25.74 pg\/mL; P = 0.012). A positive correlation (r = 0.247; P = 0.049) was observed between changes in GCP-2 and LDH levels. Conclusion: This study found that fasting impacts biomarkers related to dental health. Levels of GCP-2 and LDH exhibited considerable changes, whereas pH and salivary flow rate remained unchanged. Reduced GCP-2 levels during fasting may suggest a decrease in inflammatory activity, which in turn lowers the risk of periodontal disease. In addition, reducing LDH levels during fasting may lead to a dynamic interplay between metabolic states, oral health and tissue stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18295\/2075-0528.2919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1761985047000},"page":"967-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Fasting on Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein-2 Chemokine and Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Activity in the Development of Dental Caries"],"prefix":"10.18295","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ghada I.","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad Bab Al-Moadham, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7681","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"container-title":["Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:56:05Z","timestamp":1792580165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mjournal.squ.edu.om\/home\/vol25\/iss1\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18295\/2075-0528.2919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}