{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T08:11:30Z","timestamp":1760688690632,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Informatics Publishing Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["informaticsjournals.co.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread application of Azoxystrobin, a strobilurin fungicide, has raised ecological concerns because of its persistence and potential toxicity in freshwater environments. Building upon previously published findings1 on haematological alterations in Ctenopharyngodon idella, the present study comprehensively evaluates the toxic effects of azoxystrobin on oxygen consumption, oxidative stress biomarkers, haematological parameters, and neurobehavioral responses in this species. Juvenile grass carp were exposed to 10% LC50 (1.1 mg\/L) and 20% LC50 (2.2 mg\/L) in a semistatic bioassay for 96 hours. The oxygen consumption rates initially increased during the first 6 hours but declined significantly thereafter, with a 43.5% reduction observed in the high-dose group at 96 hours (p &lt; 0.01), indicating metabolic suppression and respiratory distress. Haematological assessments revealed a 40% reduction in Red Blood Cell (RBC) count and a 34.4% decrease in Haemoglobin (Hb) level, accompanied by a 52% increase in White Blood Cell (WBC) count (p &lt; 0.01), suggesting hypoxiainduced anaemia and immune activation. Biochemical assays revealed significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels (p &lt; 0.001), as well as decreased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, confirming oxidative damage and depletion of antioxidants. Behavioural alterations, such as surface gasping, erratic swimming, and loss of equilibrium, correlated with a 49% inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (p &lt; 0.001), indicating neurotoxicity. These findings underscore the multifaceted toxicity of azoxystrobin and highlight oxygen consumption as a sensitive early biomarker of pesticide exposure.\nMajor Findings: This study provides novel insights into aquatic toxicology by demonstrating integrated physiological, haematological, and neurobehavioral responses in C. idella, highlighting the need for stricter environmental regulations and sustainable pesticide management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18311\/ti\/2025\/v32i3\/49170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T06:43:25Z","timestamp":1760683405000},"page":"567-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18311\/datasets.020021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Azoxystrobin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Reduced Oxygen Consumption in Grass Carp (&lt;i&gt;Ctenopharyngodon idella&lt;\/i&gt;): A Multi-Biomarker Toxicity Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.18311","author":[{"given":"Gopal","family":"Anapana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9733-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. Venkata","family":"Rathnamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"7656","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"445638","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopal A, Gurubilli CSR, Mudunuru S, Rathnamma V. Toxicological and haematological assessment of azoxystrobin in freshwater fish: A study on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Afr J Biomed Res. 2024; 27(4s):6996-7003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53555\/AJBR.v27i4S.4923","DOI":"10.53555\/AJBR.v27i4S.4923"},{"key":"445639","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Hu C, Liu W, Zhou B. Impact of azoxystrobin on oxidative stress markers in freshwater fish: An integrative assessment. Aquat Environ Res. 2023; 45:67-79."},{"key":"445640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuiya A, Yasmin S, Mustafa MG, Shaikh MAA. Spatiotemporal distribution, ecological risk assessment, and human health implications of currently used pesticide (CUP) residues in the surface water of Feni River. Sci Total Environ. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173857 PMid:38871333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173857"},{"key":"445641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu T, Wang H, Liu L, Chen J. Long-term exposure to azoxystrobin induces immunodeficiency in fish that are vulnerable to subsequent rhabdovirus infection. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022; 236:113496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114331 PMid:36435002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114331"},{"key":"445642","unstructured":"Wang GX, Zhu B, Wang L. Assessment of pesticide bioaccumulation in freshwater fish: Toxicity thresholds and risk analysis. Environ Pollut. 2023; 322:121042."},{"key":"445643","unstructured":"Sarmah D, Hazarika R, Borah P. Impact of agricultural pesticides on freshwater fish: An integrated toxicity study. Indian J Fish Sci. 2023; 90(2):113-121."},{"key":"445644","unstructured":"Pereira L, Fernandes R, Gomes T. Gill alterations in fish as biomarkers of aquatic toxicity. Environ Res. 2021; 202:111694."},{"key":"445645","unstructured":"Naz S, Javed M. Studies on the toxic effects of lead and nickel mixture on Ctenopharyngodon idella. J Anim Plant Sci. 2013; 23(3):844-849. https:\/\/www.thejaps.org.pk\/docs\/v-23-3\/20.pdf"},{"key":"445646","unstructured":"Verma A, Chauhan R, Mishra S. Oxygen consumption as a biomarker for toxicological assessment in fish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021; 215:112137."},{"key":"445647","unstructured":"Sharma P, Singh R. Neuro-respiratory toxicity of pesticides in freshwater fish: A review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2023; 98:104034."},{"key":"445648","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah S, Ahmad S, Altaf Y, Dawar FU, Anjum SI. Bifenthrininduced toxicity in Ctenopharyngodon idella at an acute concentration: A multi-biomarker-based study. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2022; 34(1):101752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101752"},{"key":"445649","unstructured":"Rana P, Kumari M, Yadav N. Oxidative and metabolic disturbances in freshwater fish exposed to pesticides. Toxicol Res. 2023; 39(2):97-105."},{"key":"445650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brander SM, Gabler MK, Fowler NL, Connon RE, Schlenk D. Pyrethroid pesticides as endocrine disruptors: Molecular mechanisms in vertebrates with a focus on fishes. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(15):8977-8992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b02253 PMid:27464030.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02253"},{"key":"445651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han Y, Liu T, Wang J, Zhang C, Zhu L. Genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by the fungicide azoxystrobin in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2016; 133:13-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.03.011 PMid:27742356.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.03.011"},{"key":"445652","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar P, Kumar R, Thakur K, et al. Impact of pesticides application on aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity: A review. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci. 2023; 50:1362-1375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S1062359023601386","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359023601386"},{"key":"445653","unstructured":"Mohapatra S, Raut N, Panda S. Neurobehavioral effects of pesticides on freshwater fish: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and beyond. Toxicol Res. 2023; 39(1):33-41."},{"key":"445654","unstructured":"Thavamani P, Rajesh A, Selvan D. Mitochondrial disruption and altered energy metabolism in fish under pesticide stress. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020; 79:103407."},{"key":"445655","unstructured":"Waheed KN, Ijaz N, Khatoon Z, Hayat S, Qayyum A. Feasibility of hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen promoter during drastic conditions in aquaculture setups. ResGate. 2017. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319211250"},{"key":"445656","unstructured":"Roy D, Mukherjee S, Sharma R. Effects of phenthoate on respiratory physiology and antioxidant responses in freshwater fish. Aquat Toxicol Lett. 2024; 7(1):14-25."},{"key":"445657","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961; 7:88-95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9 PMid:13726518.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9"},{"key":"445658","unstructured":"Kumari S, Prusty AK. Hematological and antioxidant responses of Labeo rohita to azoxystrobin exposure. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022; 120:456-464."}],"container-title":["Toxicology International"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/informaticsjournals.co.in\/index.php\/toxi\/article\/download\/49170\/34739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/informaticsjournals.co.in\/index.php\/toxi\/article\/download\/49170\/34739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T07:33:30Z","timestamp":1760686410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/informaticsjournals.co.in\/index.php\/toxi\/article\/view\/49170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18311\/ti\/2025\/v32i3\/49170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-5131","0971-6580"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"0976-5131"},{"type":"print","value":"0971-6580"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"2025-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Informatics Publishing Limited and The Society of Toxicology, India","order":3,"name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_info","label":"Copyright Information"}}]}}