{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:36:48Z","timestamp":1764873408146},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Pharm Pharm Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to target  clonazepam, a CNS active drug, to the brain through the non-invasive intranasal (in) route using of nanocarriers with proven safety  METHOD:  in clonazepam nanocarriers were prepared by mixing isopropyl myristate, Tween 80, Cremophor EL or lecithin, polyethylene glycol 200, propylene glycol or ethanol in different ratios with water. in-vitro characterization of the nanocarriers was done by various methods including: polarized light microscopy, particle size determination, viscosity measurements and drug release studies. in-vivo study comparing intranasal and intravenous administration was performed. The drug targeting efficiency (DTE %) and direct nose to brain transport percentage (DTP %) were calculated and nasal integrity assessment was carried out. RESULTS: The obtained formulae had particle size below 100 nm favoring rapid direct nose to brain transport and the time for 100% drug release (T100%) depended on systems composition. Plasma Tmax of clonazepam nanostructured carriers varied from 10-30 min., while their brain Tmax did not exceed 10 min, in comparison with 30 min for iv solution.  Although there was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) between the plasma AUC0-\u221e of the different tested nanocarriers and intravenous one, the increase in brain AUC 0 -\u221e of different nasal formulations in comparison to that of iv administration (3.6 -7.2 fold) confirms direct nose to brain transport via olfactory region. Furthermore, DTE and DTP% confirmed brain targeting of clonazepam following intranasal administration. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed that intranasal nanocarriers were proved to be safe alternative for iv clonazepam delivery with rapid nose to brain transport.&#x0D;\n&#x0D;\nThis article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see \u201cFor Readers\u201d) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue\u2019s contents page.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18433\/j30s31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]],"date-time":"2016-03-18T23:08:27Z","timestamp":1458342507000},"page":"456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of Brain Targeting and Mucosal Integrity of Nasally Administrated Nanostructured Carriers of a CNS Active Drug, Clonazepam"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hend Mohamed","family":"Abdel-Bar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal Youssef","family":"Abdel-Reheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gehanne A.S","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahed Daoud","family":"Mortada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,14]]},"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T13:34:17Z","timestamp":1673616857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.library.ualberta.ca\/jpps\/index.php\/JPPS\/article\/view\/17813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,14]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18433\/j30s31","relation":{},"ISSN":["1482-1826","1482-1826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1482-1826","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1482-1826","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,14]]}}}