{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:48:42Z","timestamp":1792860522430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["fid"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study investigated the efficacy of theobromine in comparison with 0.05% sodium fluoride solution for remineralization of initial enamel caries lesions (IECLs).\r\nMaterials and Methods: Ninety non-carious extracted premolars were sectioned longitudinally into buccal and lingual segments. Caries-like lesions were induced in each segment using acidified gel.\u00a0 Forty-five buccal segments were used for surface microhardness (SMH) test, and 45 buccal segments were used for energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The lingual segments were used as the control group for EDS and SMH test. The baseline SMH was measured with a Vickers hardness tester, and the baseline calcium content was analyzed by EDS. Each test group was divided into three subgroups for treatment with (1) artificial saliva, (2) 1.1 mol\/L theobromine, and (3) 0.05% sodium fluoride. Remineralization and demineralization were done by daily pH cycling to simulate the oral environment. Samples in each group were immersed in treatment solutions for 1 min before and after the remineralizing cycle. After a 7-day cycle, the SMH test and EDS analysis were performed again. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey\u2019s post-hoc test, and paired sample t-test (P&lt;0.05).\r\nResults: All treatments effectively remineralized the IECLs (P&lt;0.05), and theobromine caused the maximum increase in SMH, which was significantly higher than the value in sodium fluoride group (mean value of 36.56\u00b14.95 versus 23.25\u00b13.92; P=0.000). EDS showed the highest calcium deposition in theobromine group (3.82\u00b11.83wt%).\r\nConclusion: Theobromine is an effective cariostatic agent, and can be considered as a safe alternative to fluoride in preventive dental care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/fid.v18i10.6134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T08:07:51Z","timestamp":1620461271000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Efficacy of Theobromine and Sodium Fluoride Solutions for Remineralization of Initial Enamel Caries Lesions"],"prefix":"10.18502","author":[{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Farhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohrab","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilgoon","family":"Pasdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"container-title":["Frontiers in Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/fid\/article\/download\/6134\/5921","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/fid\/article\/download\/6134\/5921","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T16:30:11Z","timestamp":1734453011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/fid\/article\/view\/6134"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/fid.tums.ac.ir\/index.php\/fid\/article\/view\/3090","label":"UNIVERSITY"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/fid\/article\/view\/6134","label":"PUBLISHER"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/fid.v18i10.6134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2676-296X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2676-296X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]}}}