{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T13:25:59Z","timestamp":1786886759782,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This systematic review aimed to determine whether phage cocktails and co-evolutionarily trained phages prevent or delay the emergence of resistance in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria more effectively than single-phage therapy in sewage and wastewater-derived systems, and to characterize the underlying mechanisms and the maturity of the current evidence base.\r\nMaterials and Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases, with screening conducted via Rayyan Premium.\r\nResults: Among 4,795 records, 20 studies (\u22480.4%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria; this low fraction reflects a deliberately broad search combined with strict eligibility criteria targeting original experimental studies of phage activity against MDR pathogens specifically isolated from sewage or wastewater. Phage cocktails showed a wider range of host coverage, a delay in resistance development, and improved penetration of biofilms, particularly when paired with depolymerases or antibiotics. Phage co-evolution training resulted in a more prolonged suppression of multidrug-resistant bacteria.\r\nConclusion: Phage cocktails, especially those that are co-evolved and enhanced with enzymes, show potential for applications in wastewater; however, additional long-term and large-scale research is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v18i4.22189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:46:49Z","timestamp":1785826009000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacteriophage cocktails and bacterial coevolution: a systematic review of resistance prevention strategies against multidrug-resistant pathogens in sewage water"],"prefix":"10.18502","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Badakshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"container-title":["Iranian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/IJM\/article\/download\/22189\/20622","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/IJM\/article\/download\/22189\/20622","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T13:09:34Z","timestamp":1786885774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/IJM\/article\/view\/22189"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijm.tums.ac.ir\/index.php\/ijm\/article\/view\/5998","label":"UNIVERSITY"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijm.v18i4.22189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-4447","2008-3289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-4447","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2008-3289","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}