{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T13:26:00Z","timestamp":1786886760413,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health threat, with multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) pathogens increasingly prevalent in healthcare set- tings. The study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of AMR among clinical bacterial isolates, including detailed antibiogram profiling and prevalence of MDR, XDR, and PDR phenotypes, to inform local treatment guidelines and antimi- crobial stewardship strategies.\r\nMaterials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 2,945 clinical specimens (blood, wound, sputum, urine, vaginal swabs, and others). Bacterial identification was performed using VITEK 2 automated system. Anti- microbial susceptibility testing was conducted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. MDR, XDR, and PDR classifications were applied.\r\nResults: Out of 2,851 major clinical specimens, Gram-negative bacteria predominated (53%), with highest isolation rates from wound, sputum, and urine samples. Gram-positive organisms accounted for 30%, while Candida species represented 10%. Among Gram-negative isolates, 55% were classified as MDR, 15% as XDR, and 2% as PDR. Gram-positive bacteria showed lower resistance rates with 30% MDR, 4% XDR, and no PDR detected. Species-specific analysis revealed that Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited the highest XDR and PDR rates, with A. baumannii showing 45% XDR and 10% PDR prevalence. Among Gram-positive organisms, MRSA demonstrated 100% MDR prevalence. The most effective antimicrobials against resistant isolates were carbapenems, amikacin, and vancomycin (for Gram-positives).\r\nConclusion: This study demonstrates alarmingly high rates of MDR, XDR, and PDR among clinical bacterial isolates, with Gram-negative bacteria showing significantly greater resistance burden than Gram-positive organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v18i4.22192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:46:30Z","timestamp":1785825990000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of clinical bacterial isolates at Maryamana private hospital, Erbil-Iraq (2023\u20132025): antibiogram data and multidrug-resistant (MDR)\/extensively drug-resistant (XDR)\/pandrug-resistant (PDR) classification"],"prefix":"10.18502","author":[{"given":"Safaa Toma Hanna","family":"Aka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"container-title":["Iranian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/IJM\/article\/download\/22192\/20625","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/IJM\/article\/download\/22192\/20625","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T13:09:32Z","timestamp":1786885772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/IJM\/article\/view\/22192"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijm.tums.ac.ir\/index.php\/ijm\/article\/view\/6092","label":"UNIVERSITY"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijm.v18i4.22192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-4447","2008-3289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-4447","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2008-3289","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}