{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1785402043042,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Research examining the role of vitamin D deficiency and the development of menstrual disorders in women is of widespread interest. Studies have been published showing that supplementation with high-dose vitamin D can lead to the restoration of the menstrual cycle. We lack adequate information regarding the effect of vitamin D levels on the physiology of menstruation and further on fertility in women of reproductive age due to the contradictory results reported by studies.\r\nObjective: To study the association of 25-hydroxy vitamin D with menstrual cycle characteristics including long and short cycle length and cycle irregularity.\r\nMaterials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum vitamin D levels of 166 women attending an outpatient department with menstrual irregularities after excluding all obvious causes of menstrual disorders (n = 83) between April-June 2019 were measured and were compared with women of similar profiles with complaints other than menstrual irregularities (n = 83).\r\nResults: A decreased level of vitamin D was associated with a 13.3 times odds of an irregular cycle (OR (95% CI): 13.30 (5.79-30.60), p &lt; 0.001). 25-hydroxy vitamin D was not associated with age or body mass index. We found a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) in mean vitamin D levels among the females with irregular cycles vs. regular cycles.\r\nConclusion: Vitamin D plays a role in the physiology of reproduction specific to the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Long-term prospective studies assessing the exact cutoff value and the exact dose of supplementation required are needed.\r\nKey words: Menstrual disturbances, Ovulation, Reproductive period, Vitamin D deficiency, Dietary supplements, Polycystic ovarian syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v19i11.9913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T11:20:05Z","timestamp":1639480805000},"page":"979-986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level and menstrual cycle length and regularity: A cross-sectional observational study"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Vinita","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Tamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zamir","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esha","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajshree","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagarika","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"117960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Chen W, Li D, Yin X, Zhang X, Olsen N, et al. Vitamin D and chronic diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8: 346\u2013353.","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1021"},{"key":"117961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida LF, Coimbra TM. Vitamin D actions on cell differentiation, proliferation and inflammation. Int J Complement Alt Med 2017; 6: 00201.","DOI":"10.15406\/ijcam.2017.06.00201"},{"key":"117962","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irani M, Merhi Z. Role of vitamin D in ovarian physiology and its implication in reproduction: A systematic review. Fertil Steril 2014; 102: 460\u2013468.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.04.046"},{"key":"117963","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li HWR, Brereton RE, Anderson RA, Wallace AM, Ho CKM. Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with metabolic risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2011; 60: 1475\u20131481.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.03.002"},{"key":"117964","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal L, Zhang H, Williams J, Santoro NF, Diamond MP, Schlaff WD, et al. Vitamin D status relates to reproductive outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 3027\u20133035.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4352"},{"key":"117965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luk J, Torrealday S, Neal Perry G, Pal L. Relevance of vitamin D in reproduction. Hum Reprod 2012; 27: 3015\u20133027.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des248"},{"key":"117966","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jukic AMZ, Steiner AZ, Baird DD. Lower plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with irregular menstrual cycles in a cross-sectional study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13: 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0012-5"},{"key":"117967","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moini A, Ebrahimi T, Shirzad N, Hosseini R, Radfar M, Bandarian F, et al. The effect of vitamin D on primary dysmenorrhea with vitamin D deficiency: A randomized doubleblind controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32: 502\u2013505.","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2015.1136617"},{"key":"117968","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasco A, Catalano A, Benvenga S. Improvement of primary dysmenorrhea caused by a single oral dose of vitamin D: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 366\u2013367.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.715"},{"key":"117969","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drakopoulos P, van de Vijver A, Schutyser V, Milatovic S, Anckaert E, Schiettecatte J, et al. The effect of serum vitamin D levels on ovarian reserve markers: A prospective cross-sectional study. Hum Reprod 2017; 32: 208\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew304"},{"key":"117970","unstructured":"Ghasemi Tehrani H, Mostajeran F, Shahsavari S. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on menstrual cycle, body mass index and hyperandrogenism state of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Res Med Sci 2014; 19: 875\u2013880."},{"key":"117971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firouzabadi RD, Aflatoonian A, Modarresi S, Sekhavat L, Taheri SM. Therapeutic effects of calcium & vitamin D supplementation in women with PCOS. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2012; 18: 85\u201388.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2012.01.005"},{"key":"117972","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarei S, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M, Javadzadeh Y, Effati-Daryani F. Effect of calcium-vitamin D and calcium-alone on pain intensity and menstrual blood loss in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. Pain Med 2016; 18: 3-13.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw121"},{"key":"117973","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merhi Z, Doswell A, Krebs K, Cipolla M. Vitamin D alters genes involved in follicular development and steroidogenesis in human cumulus granulosa cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: E1137\u2013E1145.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4161"},{"key":"117974","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anik A, Akbaba O. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency according to current criteria for children: Vitamin D status of elementary school children in Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 11: 327\u2013328.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0103"},{"key":"117975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan R, Sahani S, Garg A. Evaluation of vitamin D3 in patients of polycystic ovary syndrome and their correlation. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2017; 6: 2010\u20132016.","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20171967"},{"key":"117976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jukic AMZ, Wilcox AJ, McConnaughey DR, Weinberg CR, Steiner AZ. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and long menstrual cycles in a prospective cohort study. Epidemiology 2018; 29: 388\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000804"},{"key":"117977","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figurov\u00e1 J, Draveck\u00e1 I, Javorsk\u00fd M, Petr\u00edkov\u00e1 J, Laz\u00farov\u00e1 I. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Slovak women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relation to metabolic and reproductive abnormalities. Wiener Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128: 641\u2013648.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-015-0768-9"},{"key":"117978","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anagnostis P, Karras S, Goulis DG. Vitamin D in human reproduction: A narrative review. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67: 225\u2013235.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12031"},{"key":"117979","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson RL, Spedding S, Buckley JD. Vitamin D in the aetiology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77: 343\u2013350.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04434.x"},{"key":"117980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Showell MG, Brown J, Clarke J, Hart RJ. Antioxidants for female subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD007807.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007807.pub2"},{"key":"117981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta T, Rawat M, Gupta N, Arora S. Study of effect of vitamin D supplementation on the clinical, hormonal and metabolic profile of the PCOS women. J Obstet Gynecol India 2017; 67: 349\u2013355.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-017-1008-1"},{"key":"117982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadoura S, Alhalabi M, Nattouf AH. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplements as an adjuvant therapy to metformin on menstrual cycle abnormalities, hormonal profile, and IGF-1 system in polycystic ovary syndrome patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2019; 2019: 9680390.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9680390"},{"key":"117983","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhamo Y, Chugh PK, Tripathi CD. Vitamin D supplements in the Indian market. Indian J Pharm Sci 2016; 78: 41\u201347.","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.180248"},{"key":"117984","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moridi I, Chen A, Tal O, Tal R. The association between vitamin D and anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 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