{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:06:01Z","timestamp":1792598761484,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ionizing radiation induces oxidative damage in biological tissues, particularly in sensitive organs such as the testes. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), known for their antioxidant properties, may help mitigate this damage.\r\nObjective: This study investigated the protective effects of SeNPs against X-ray-induced testicular damage in rats.\r\nMaterials and Methods: This integrated and Monte Carlo simulation experimental study involved 42 male Wistar rats (8\u201310 wk, 200\u2013250 gr), randomly assigned to 7 groups (n = 6\/each). One group served as the control, while the others were exposed to 35 kilovolts X-rays at varying doses. In half of the irradiated groups, SeNPs (5 mg\/kg) were administered intraperitoneally before irradiation. Biological evaluations included weight gain, testicular weight, sperm quality, histological examination, and measurements of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). A Geant4-DNA simulation assessed hydroxyl radical production and G-values across different SeNP concentrations during radiation\u2019s chemical stage.\r\nResults: SeNPs treatment improved biological outcomes compared with untreated irradiated rats. Sperm count increased by 7\u201355% (p &lt; 0.010), motility by 2\u20137% (p &lt; 0.050), and abnormal sperm frequency decreased by 6\u201318% (p &lt; 0.010). TAC increased by 2.5\u201315% (p &lt; 0.050), while TOS and OSI decreased (p &lt; 0.010). Histological analysis showed preserved seminiferous tubules and reduced tissue damage. Testicular weight imbalance was reduced by 50%. Simulations showed 82\u201393% reduction in hydroxyl radical G-values with SeNPs.\r\nConclusion: SeNPs significantly mitigated X-ray-induced oxidative and structural testicular damage in rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v23i11.20546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:21:18Z","timestamp":1769516478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective effects of selenium nanoparticles against X-ray-induced testicular damage in rats: An integrated experimental and Monte Carlo simulation study"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Akbar","family":"Farhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Zolfagharpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Abdolmaleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asadollah","family":"Asadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azam","family":"Zabihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"319287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] Kudo H. Radiation applications. Singapore: Springer; 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7350-2"},{"key":"319288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] Ramirez-Fort MK, Kardoust-Parizi M, Flannigan R, Bach P, Koch N, Gilman C, et al. Preservation of male fertility in patients undergoing pelvic irradiation. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2024; 28: 835\u2013845.","DOI":"10.5603\/rpor.98731"},{"key":"319289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] Kaltsas A. Oxidative stress and male infertility: The protective role of antioxidants. Medicina 2023; 59: 1769.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101769"},{"key":"319290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Nethravathi V, Hemavathi V. Role of antioxidants in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced male infertility. In: Keservani RK, Patil SJ, Aranha I. Nutraceuticals for the treatment and prevention of sexual disorders. 1st Ed. USA, New York: Apple Academic Press; 2025.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003503774-2"},{"key":"319291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] Dawood MAO, El Basuini MF, Yilmaz S, Abdel-Latif HMR, Kari ZA, Abdul Razab MKA, et al. Selenium nanoparticles as a natural antioxidant and metabolic regulator in aquaculture: A review. Antioxidants 2021; 10: 1364.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091364"},{"key":"319292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] Baokbah TAS. Protective effects of selenium nanoparticles against doxorubicin-induced testicular apoptosis in rats. Medical Science 2023; 27: e188ms2975.","DOI":"10.54905\/disssi\/v27i134\/e188ms2975"},{"key":"319293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] Hamza RZ, Diab AEA. Testicular protective and antioxidant effects of selenium nanoparticles on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular structure alterations in male mice. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7: 254\u2013260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.01.012"},{"key":"319294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Azmoonfar R, Moslehi M, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D. Radioprotective effect of selenium nanoparticles: A mini review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2024; 2024: 5538107.","DOI":"10.1049\/2024\/5538107"},{"key":"319295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Kliesch S, Nieschlag S. Andrology: Male reproductive health and dysfunction. 4th Ed. Switzerland: Springer Cham; 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31574-9"},{"key":"319296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Allison J, Amako K, Apostolakis J, Arce P, Asai M, Aso T, et al. Recent developments in Geant4. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 2016; 835: 186\u2013225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.06.125"},{"key":"319297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Incerti S, Kyriakou I, Bernal MA, Bordage MC, Francis Z, Guatelli S, et al. Geant4-DNA example applications for track structure simulations in liquid water: A report from the Geant4-DNA project. Med Phys 2018; 45: e722\u2013739.","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13048"},{"key":"319298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Tran HN, Archer J, Baldacchino G, Brown JMC, Chappuis F, Cirrone GAP, et al. Review of chemical models and applications in Geant4-DNA: Report from the ESA BioRad III project. Med Phys 2024; 51: 5873\u20135889.","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17256"},{"key":"319299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Urbankova L, Skalickova S, Pribilova M, Ridoskova A, Pelcova P, Skladanka J, et al. Effects of sub-lethal doses of selenium nanoparticles on the health status of rats. Toxics 2021; 9: 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9020028"},{"key":"319300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[14] Ehghaghi A, Zokaei E, Modarressi MH, Tavoosidana G, Ghafouri-Fard S, Khanali F, et al. Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of selenium nanoparticles and Lactobacillus casei on mice testis after X-ray. Andrologia 2022; 54: e14591.","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14591"},{"key":"319301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] Nabi A, Hassanpour Dehnavi A, Mazaheri F, Momeni N, Nikukar H, Hemati M, et al. Radioprotective effect of omeprazole against testicular damage induced by ionizing radiation in mice: An experimental study. Int J Reprod BioMed 2025; 23: 91\u2013102.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v23i1.18202"},{"key":"319302","unstructured":"[16] Dil E, T\u00fcmkaya L, Mercantepe T, Rakici S, Y\u0131lmaz A, \u00c7elik Samanc\u0131 T, et al. Radioprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on X-ray-induced testicular damage. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27: 673\u2013680."},{"key":"319303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 2004; 37: 277\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015"},{"key":"319304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 1103\u20131111.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008"},{"key":"319305","unstructured":"[19] World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 2021."},{"key":"319306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[20] Gao X, Zhang J, Zhang L. Hollow sphere selenium nanoparticles: Their in-vitro anti hydroxyl radical effect. Adv Mater 2002; 14: 290\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(20020219)14:4<290::AID-ADMA290>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"319307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Chappuis F, Grilj V, Tran HN, Zein SA, Bochud F, Bailat C, et al. Modeling of scavenging systems in water radiolysis with Geant4-DNA. Phys Med 2023; 108: 102549.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2023.102549"},{"key":"319308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[22] Hartmann GH, Andreo P. Fluence calculation methods in Monte Carlo dosimetry simulations. Z Med Phys 2019; 29: 239\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2018.08.003"},{"key":"319309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[23] Arasteh H, Sadighi Gilani MA, Ramezani-binabaj M, Babaei M. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction outcomes in azoospermic patients with bilateral orchidopexy. Andrology 2024; 12: 157\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13463"},{"key":"319310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[24] Yin G, Wang Q, Lv T, Liu Y, Peng X, Zeng X, et al. The radioprotective effect of LBP on neurogenesis and cognition after acute radiation exposure. Curr Radiopharm 2024; 17: 257\u2013265.","DOI":"10.2174\/0118744710274008231220055033"},{"key":"319311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[25] Saif-Elnasr M, Abdel-Aziz N, El-Batal AI. Ameliorative effect of selenium nanoparticles and fish oil on cisplatin and gamma irradiation-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 42: 94\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1497050"},{"key":"319312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[26] Chen N, Yao P, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Xin N, Wei H, et al. Selenium nanoparticles: Enhanced nutrition and beyond. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63: 12360\u201312371.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2101093"},{"key":"319313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[27] Yuan S, Zhang Y, Dong P-Y, Chen Yan YM, Liu J, Zhang B-Q, et al. A comprehensive review on potential role of selenium, selenoproteins and selenium nanoparticles in male fertility. Heliyon 2024; 10: e34975.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34975"},{"key":"319314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[28] Xu Y, Lai H, Pan S, Pan L, Liu T, Yang Z, et al. Selenium promotes immunogenic radiotherapy against cervical cancer metastasis through evoking P53 activation. Biomaterials 2024; 305: 122452.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122452"},{"key":"319315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[29] Zhang Y, Liu J, Li X, Zhou G, Sang Y, Zhang M, et al. Dietary selenium excess affected spermatogenesis via DNA damage and telomere-related cell senescence and apoptosis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 171: 113556.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113556"},{"key":"319316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] Aldoury RSM. A review article: Effect of radiation on infertility. Int J Res Appl Sci Biotech 2022; 9: 45\u201365.","DOI":"10.31033\/ijrasb.9.1.5"},{"key":"319317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] Sentkowska A, Pyrzy\u0144ska K. Antioxidant properties of selenium nanoparticles synthesized using tea and herb water extracts. 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