{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:29:03Z","timestamp":1769614143262,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a widely prevalent condition in the modern era, with potential adverse effects on fertility and the reproductive system.\r\nObjective: This experimental study investigated the adverse effects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) on testicular structural integrity, with a focus on oxidative stress and metabolic alterations.\r\nMaterials and Methods: To produce bioactive peptides (HPs), whiteleg shrimp by-products were hydrolyzed using alcalase at 50\u00b0C for 3 hr. For this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (230 \u00b1 23.1 gr, 8 wk) were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 6\/each): control (standard diet), HFD-sole, HFD+HP20 (HFD supplemented with 20 mg\/kg bodyweight of HPs), and HFD+HP300 (HFD supplemented with 300 mg\/kg BW of HPs). After 10 wk of dietary intervention, testicular tissues were subjected to histological, molecular, and oxidative stress analyses.\r\nResults: After 70 days, the HFD group showed higher malondialdehyde and glutathione, but a lower glutathione\/glutathione disulfide ratio (40%, p &lt; 0.001), indicating reductive stress. HPs, especially at higher doses, alleviated stress, improved seminiferous tubule morphology, and increased tubular differential index and spermiogenesis index indices. Autophagy genes (Beclin1, Atg7, LC3-I, p62) rose in HFD but were downregulated by HPs. Glucose transporter 1, 3 (GLUT-1+, GLUT-3+) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 cell distributions decreased in HFD but were restored in HP-received groups.\r\nConclusion: HPs improved tubular differential index and spermiogenesis index values associated with restored GLUT-1\/3 and monocarboxylate transporter 4 expression in Sertoli cells, suggesting that Sertoli cells provided enhanced metabolic support for germ cell development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v23i11.20549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:21:15Z","timestamp":1769516475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An experimental study on shrimp bioactive peptides restoring testicular function in a rat model of fatty liver disease via autophagy, redox balance, and energy transporters"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Javanmard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Najdegerami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mazdak","family":"Razi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Nikoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"319349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] Koz\u0142owska A. 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Bibliometric and visual analysis of blood-testis barrier research. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 969257.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.969257"},{"key":"319359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Luo D, Zhang M, Su X, Liu L, Zhou X, Zhang X, et al. High fat diet impairs spermatogenesis by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in Sertoli cells. Life Sci 2020; 257: 118028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118028"},{"key":"319360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Gao G, Zhao Y, Wang K, Wang F. Sodium vitamin C transporter 2 orchestrates lactate metabolism in mouse Sertoli cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2021; 66: 157\u2013170.","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-20-0101"},{"key":"319361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] de Oliveira VS, Castro AJG, Domingues JT, de Souza AZP, da Luz Scheffer D, Latini A, et al. A Brazilian pulp and paper mill effluent disrupts energy metabolism in immature rat testis and alters Sertoli cell secretion and mitochondrial activity. 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Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17: 1096.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071096"},{"key":"319365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Soltani M, Rahmati M, Nikravesh MR, Saeidinejat S, Jalali M. Evaluation of Sertoli cell autophagy associated with laminin, fibronectin, and caspase-3 proteins\u2019 alteration, following testicular torsion rat. Andrologia 2022; 54: e14272.","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14272"},{"key":"319366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Nikoo M, Xu X, Regenstein JM, Noori F. Autolysis of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) processing by-products: Enzymatic activities, lipid and protein oxidation, and antioxidant activity of hydrolysates. Food Biosci 2021; 39: 100844.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100844"},{"key":"319367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[19] Hadavi M, Najdegerami E, Nikoo M, Nejati V. Protective effect of protein hydrolysates from Litopenaeus vannamei waste on oxidative status, glucose regulation, and autophagy genes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Wistar rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2022; 25: 954\u2013963.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2679634"},{"key":"319368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[20] Zamir-Nasta T, Razi M, Shapour H, Malekinejad H. Roles of p21, p53, cyclin D1, CDK-4, estrogen receptor \u03b1 in aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity in testicular tissue of mice. Environ Toxicol 2018; 33: 385\u2013395.","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22524"},{"key":"319369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Aeeni M, Razi M, Alizadeh A, Alizadeh A. The molecular mechanism behind insulin protective effects on testicular tissue of hyperglycemic rats. Life Sci 2021; 277: 119394.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119394"},{"key":"319370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[22] Amer M, GamalEl Din SF, Zeidan A, Adel A, Elsisi I, Fakhry E, et al. Intrasurgical seminiferous tubular diameter correlates with total motile sperm count in azoospermia: A prospective cohort study. Reprod Sci 2022; 29: 1836\u20131843.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00927-w"},{"key":"319371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[23] Soleimani Mehranjani M, Azizi M, Sadeghzadeh F. The effect of melatonin on testis histological changes and spermatogenesis indexes in mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022; 45: 1140\u20131149.","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1809672"},{"key":"319372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[24] Xiao W, Loscalzo J. Metabolic responses to reductive stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32: 1330\u20131347.","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7803"},{"key":"319373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[25] Li M, Zhou M, Wei Y, Jia F, Yan Y, Zhang R, et al. The beneficial effect of oyster peptides and oyster powder on cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive impairment in male rats: A comparative study. J Food Biochem 2020; 44: e13468.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13468"},{"key":"319374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[26] Liu G, Li S, Ren J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Su X, et al. Effect of animal-sourced bioactive peptides on the in vitro development of mouse preantral follicles. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13: 108.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-00695-8"},{"key":"319375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[27] Gharehbagh SA, Azar JT, Razi M. ROS and metabolomics-mediated autophagy in rat\u2019s testicular tissue alter after exercise training: Evidence for exercise intensity and outcomes. Life Sci 2021; 277: 119585.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119585"},{"key":"319376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[28] Guo H, Ouyang Y, Yin H, Cui H, Deng H, Liu H, et al. Induction of autophagy via the ROS-dependent AMPK-mTOR pathway protects copper-induced spermatogenesis disorder. Redox Biol 2022; 49: 102227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102227"},{"key":"319377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[29] Talebi M, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Haratian A, Talebi M, Farkhondeh T, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, et al. The interplay between oxidative stress and autophagy: Focus on the development of neurological diseases. Behav Brain Funct 2022; 18: 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-022-00187-3"},{"key":"319378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] Xu Y, Qian C, Wang Q, Song L, He Z, Liu W, et al. Deacetylation of ATG7 drives the induction of macroautophagy and LC3-associated microautophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20: 1134\u20131146.","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2287932"},{"key":"319379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] Runwal G, Stamatakou E, Siddiqi FH, Puri C, Zhu Y, Rubinsztein DC. 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Bioact Carbohydrat Diet Fibre 2020; 22: 100218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2020.100218"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/ijrm\/article\/download\/20549\/31273","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/ijrm\/article\/download\/20549\/31273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:42:01Z","timestamp":1769517721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/ijrm\/article\/view\/20549"},"secondary":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijrm.ir\/article-1-3544-en.html","label":"UNIVERSITY"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijrm.v23i11.20549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2476-3772","2476-4108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-3772","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2476-4108","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]}}}