{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T12:10:13Z","timestamp":1776255013248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The use of chemotherapy agents can increase the likelihood of azoospermia in men. Today, the application of micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) and subsequent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is recommended for sperm retrieval in such affected men.\r\nObjective: We aimed to report our experiences with the success rate of the protocol of micro-TESE in maintaining sperm restoration in men undergoing chemotherapy protocols for different cancers.\r\nMaterials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data of 33 men who were scheduled for micro-TESE and subsequently ICSI due to non-obstructive azoospermia (following the use of chemotherapy agents because of different types of malignancies) and were referred to Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, Tehran, Iran from 2010\u20132023 were extracted from their medical records. At the end of the study, we measured the success rate of sperm retrieval using micro-TESE in men with chemotherapy-related non-obstructive azoospermia.\r\nResults: Adequate amounts of spermatozoa were successfully retrieved for cryopreservation and subsequent ICSI in 16 out of 33 cases, resulting in a sperm retrieval rate of 48.5%. None of the baseline parameters, including individuals\u2019 age, time and duration of chemotherapy, type of cancer, history of smoking or alcohol use, or baseline hormonal states, might affect the rate of sperm retrieval.\r\nConclusion: Applying micro-TESE can retrieve sperm exposed to chemotherapy protocols. Also, it can be useful for reducing the likelihood of chemotherapy-related azoospermia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v24i1.20995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:24:19Z","timestamp":1774859059000},"page":"37-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic men following chemotherapy: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Babaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali Sadighi","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Ramezani-Binabaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Arasteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Yahyazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"328368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] Tharakan T, Luo R, Jayasena CN, Minhas S. Non-obstructive azoospermia: Current and future perspectives. Fac Rev 2021; 10: 7.","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-7"},{"key":"328369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] Barak Sh. Fertility preservation in male patients with cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 55: 59\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.12.004"},{"key":"328370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] Hamano I, Hatakeyama S, Ohyama C. Fertility preservation of patients with testicular cancer. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 16: 240\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12037"},{"key":"328371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Brant A, Punjani N, Zaninovic N, Palermo GD, Rosenwaks Z, Schlegel PN. Effects of chemo-and radiation therapy on microsurgical testicular sperm extraction for men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2022; 208: 676\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002728"},{"key":"328372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] Meistrich ML. Male gonadal toxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53: 261\u2013266.","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22004"},{"key":"328373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] Botchan A, Karpol S, Lehavi O, Paz G, Kleiman SE, Yogev L, et al. Preservation of sperm of cancer patients: Extent of use and pregnancy outcome in a tertiary infertility center. Asian J Androl 2013; 15: 382\u2013386.","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2013.3"},{"key":"328374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] Ogouma L, Berthaut I, L\u00e9vy R, Hamid RH, Prades M, Audouin M, et al. Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) outcomes in the context of malignant disease: A systematic review. Asian J Androl 2022; 24: 584\u2013590.","DOI":"10.4103\/aja2021129"},{"key":"328375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Qi L, Liu YP, Zhang NN, Su YC. Predictors of testicular sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: A review. J Int Med Res 2021; 49: 03000605211002703.","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211002703"},{"key":"328376","unstructured":"[9] Zhao L, Jiang H, Hong K, Lin H, Tang W, Liu D, et al. [Analysis of intratesticular condition in micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction era]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 51: 632\u2013635. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"328377","unstructured":"[10] Yang J, Ren X-L, Gu L-J, Sun X-J, Song J-Y, Liu J-H. Results of micro-TESE and outcomes of ICSI in patients with different etiological types of non-obstructive azoospermia. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2018; 24: 887\u2013892."},{"key":"328378","unstructured":"[11] Zhang J, Liu G-H, Zhao L-G, Liang X-Y, Wang Z-Y. [Micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: A report of 196 cases]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2017; 23: 804\u2013807. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"328379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Schlegel PN, Li PS. Microdissection TESE: Sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoopsermia. Hum Reprod Update 1998; 4: 439.","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.4.439"},{"key":"328380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Kalsi JS, Shah P, Thum Y, Muneer A, Ralph DJ, Minhas S. Salvage micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction; outcome in men with non-obstructive azoospermia with previous failed sperm retrievals. BJU Int 2015; 116: 460\u2013465.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12932"},{"key":"328381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[14] Shin T, Kobayashi T, Shimomura Y, Iwahata T, Suzuki K, Tanaka T, et al. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction in Japanese patients with persistent azoospermia after chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21: 1167\u20131171.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-016-0998-5"},{"key":"328382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] Shiraishi K, Matsuyama H. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction and salvage hormonal treatment in patients with postchemotherapy azoospermia. Urology 2014; 83: 100\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.08.043"},{"key":"328383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] Tsai S-J, Li L-H, Chen W-J, Huang EY-H, Huang C-Y, Brannigan RE, et al. Prediction of microdissection testicular sperm extraction outcomes of azoospermic patients post-chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide equivalent dose. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40: 2013\u20132020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02870-4"},{"key":"328384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Hsiao W, Stahl PJ, Osterberg EC, Nejat E, Palermo GD, Rosenwaks Z, et al. Successful treatment of postchemotherapy azoospermia with microsurgical testicular sperm extraction: The Weill Cornell experience. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 1607\u20131611.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.7808"},{"key":"328385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Jacobsen FM, Fode M, S\u00f8nksen J, Ohl DA, Jensen CFS. Successful extraction of sperm cells after autologous bone marrow transplant: A case report. 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