{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T12:10:13Z","timestamp":1776255013387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Elevated interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) in orchitis triggers immune-mediated inflammation, disrupting spermatogenesis and impairing reproductive function.\r\nObjective: This study compared adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and their exosomes (EXO) for mitigating inflammation and enhancing repair in IL-1\u03b2-induced orchitis.\r\nMaterials and Methods: In this experimental study, ASCs were isolated and cultured to passage 3. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry confirmed ASCs\u2019 surface markers; scanning electron microscopy characterized EXO. 32 male Wistar rats (6\u20137 wk; 250\u2013300 gr) received daily intraperitoneal IL-1\u03b2 (10 \u03bcg\/kg) for 6 days to induce testicular inflammation. Rats were assigned to 4 groups: 1) control; 2) IL-1\u03b2 only; 3) IL-1\u03b2 + ASCs (1\u00d710\u2076 cells); and 4) IL-1\u03b2 + EXO (200 \u03bcg). After the treatments, testicular histopathology, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and leukocyte infiltration were evaluated.\r\nResults: ASCs displayed spindle morphology and positivity for CD44 and CD105. Isolated EXO averaged 82.6 \u00b1 28.5 nm in diameter. IL-1\u03b2 induction caused considerable leukocyte infiltration, Sertoli cells displacement, vascular congestion, and disrupted seminiferous tubule structure. ASC administration yielded partial tissue recovery and reduced degenerative alterations. EXO demonstrated superior efficacy, significantly reducing leukocyte infiltration (p = 0.011) and restoring near-normal testicular structure. Exosome treatment also outperformed ASCs in alleviating epididymitis.\r\nConclusion: Both ASCs and exosome therapies reduced IL-1\u03b2-induced inflammation in the rat testis and epididymis. EXO demonstrated superior efficacy, highlighting their significant potential for treating inflammation-induced testicular injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v24i1.20998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:24:17Z","timestamp":1774859057000},"page":"59-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on interleukin-1 beta-induced testicular inflammation in rats: An experimental study"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Bilabari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daryush","family":"Mohammadnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Rahbarghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajar","family":"Shafaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"328416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] Fijak M, Pilatz A, Hedger MP, Nicolas N, Bhushan S, Michel V, et al. 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Identifying the therapeutic significance of mesenchymal stem cells. Cells 2020; 9: 1145.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051145"},{"key":"328424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] Wang M-W, Yang Z, Chen X, Zhou S-H, Huang G-L, Sun J-N, et al. Activation of PTH1R alleviates epididymitis and orchitis through Gq and \u03b2-arrestin-1 pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118: e2107363118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107363118"},{"key":"328425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Pilatz A, Arneth B, Kaiser R, Heger E, Pirkl M, B\u00f6ttcher S, et al. Acute orchitis deciphered: Coxsackievirus B strains are the main etiology and their presence in semen is associated with acute inflammation and risk of persistent oligozoospermia. J Med Virol 2023; 95: e28970.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28970"},{"key":"328426","unstructured":"[11] Dizaji Asl Kh, Shafaei H, Soleimani Rad J, Ollah Nozad H. 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Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 280: 68\u201372.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.11.012"},{"key":"328436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Nataliya B, Mikhail A, Vladimir P, Olga G, Maksim V, Ivan Z, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells facilitate resolution of pulmonary fibrosis by miR-29c and miR-129 intercellular transfer. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55: 1399\u20131412.","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01017-w"},{"key":"328437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[22] Hughes SM, Levy CN, Katz R, Lokken EM, Anahtar MN, Hall MB, et al. Changes in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med 2022; 20: 353.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02532-9"},{"key":"328438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[23] Keivan M, Mansouri Torghabeh F, Davoodi S, Moradi Maryamneghari Sh, Dadfar R. 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