{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T11:06:28Z","timestamp":1779015988077,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting about 10% of females in their reproductive years, characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus. Immune checkpoints play a crucial role in regulating the immune system and preserving homeostasis. T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT), a newly discovered immune checkpoint, interacts with its ligand, cluster of differentiation 155 (CD155), to exert inhibitory effects on immune responses.\r\nObjective: Though numerous studies have explored the immunological profile in endometriosis cases, limited information exists about the potential role of TIGIT\/CD155 interaction.\r\nMaterials and Methods: This case-control study aimed to investigate the expression levels of TIGIT and CD155 genes in ectopic and eutopic tissues of 20 women diagnosed with endometriosis by a gynecologist with laparoscopy compared to the endometrium of 20 women without endometriosis, using real-time polymerase chain reaction.\r\nResults: Results showed that both TIGIT and CD155 gene expressions were significantly higher in ectopic endometrial tissues (p &lt; 0.0001). CD155 is also upregulated in the eutopic endometrium of cases (p &lt; 0.0001). However, no significant difference in TIGIT expression was observed between eutopic endometrium of cases and controls (p = 0.49).\r\nConclusion: These findings suggest an upregulation of the TIGIT\/CD155 pathway in endometriosis, indicating its potential role in the disease\u2019s pathogenesis. Further research is necessary to fully understand this signaling pathway and explore its viability as a biomarker for diagnosis and immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v24i3.21118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T09:49:45Z","timestamp":1779011385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endometrial expression of T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains and cluster of differentiation 155: A case-control study of a novel immunomodulatory axis in endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Reyhane","family":"Nematollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Samadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Kalantar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"331416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Fiala L, Losan P, Tomes P, Vetvicka V. Altered immunity in endometriosis: What came first? Immunol Invest 2018; 47: 569\u2013582.","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2018.1467926"},{"key":"331417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] Izumi G, Koga K, Takamura M, Makabe T, Satake E, Takeuchi A, et al. Involvement of immune cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44: 191\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13559"},{"key":"331418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] Abramiuk M, Grywalska E, Ma\u0142kowska P, Sierawska O, Hrynkiewicz R, Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej P. The role of the immune system in the development of endometriosis. Cells 2022; 11: 2028.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132028"},{"key":"331419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Davis AC, Goldberg JM. Extrapelvic endometriosis. Semin Reprod Med 2017; 35: 98\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597122"},{"key":"331420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] Chang LY, Shan J, Hou XX, Li DJ, Wang XQ. Synergy between Th1 and Th2 responses during endometriosis: A review of current understanding. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 158: 103975.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103975"},{"key":"331421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95: 77\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.08.007"},{"key":"331422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] Harjunp\u00e4\u00e4 H, Guillerey C. TIGIT as an emerging immune checkpoint. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200: 108\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13407"},{"key":"331423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Paolini R, Molfetta R. CD155 and its receptors as targets for cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24: 12958.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612958"},{"key":"331424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] Jin Z, Lan T, Zhao Y, Du J, Chen J, Lai J, et al. Higher TIGIT+CD226- \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Immunol Invest 2022; 51: 40\u201350.","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1806868"},{"key":"331425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Bolm L, Petruch N, Sivakumar S, Annels NE, Frampton AE. Gene of the month: T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT). J Clin Pathol 2022; 75: 217\u2013221.","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2021-207789"},{"key":"331426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Szereday L, Nagy DU, Csiszar B, Kevey D, Feik T, Meggyes M. Examination of the tigit, cd226, cd112, and cd155 immune checkpoint molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women diagnosed with early-onset preeclampsia. Biomedicines 2021; 9: 1608.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111608"},{"key":"331427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Anderson AC, Joller N, Kuchroo VK. 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TIGIT: A novel immunotherapy target moving from bench to bedside. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67: 1659\u20131667.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2246-5"},{"key":"331432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Sandoghsaz RS, Montazeri F, Shafienia H, Kalantar SM, Javaheri A, Samadi M. Expression of miR-21 & IL-4 in endometriosis. Hum Immunol 2024; 85: 110746.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.110746"},{"key":"331433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Suszczyk D, Skiba W, Paw\u0142owska-\u0141achut A, Dymanowska-Dyjak I, W\u0142odarczyk K, Paduch R, et al. Immune checkpoints in endometriosis: A new insight in the pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25: 6266.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116266"},{"key":"331434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[19] Wu L, Lv C, Su Y, Li C, Zhang H, Zhao X, et al. Expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 is upregulated in endometriosis and promoted by 17beta-estradiol. 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