{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:00:31Z","timestamp":1780398031141,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Asthenoteratozoospermia (AT), marked by poor sperm motility and abnormal morphology, is a major cause of male infertility. During semen handling, AT samples generate high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increasing oxidative stress and sperm damage.\r\nObjective: This study investigated the effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural antioxidant, on sperm quality and ROS levels in AT samples during incubation.\r\nMaterials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in 2 phases. In phase I, 20 AT samples were divided into 5 groups (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 \u03bcg\/mL HT) and incubated for 30, 45, and 60 min to determine optimal conditions based on sperm motility and viability. In phase II, another 20 AT samples were treated with 25 and 50 \u03bcg\/mL HT for 30 min. Sperm mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ROS, DNA fragmentation, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated.\r\nResults: Sperm motility decreased after incubation; however, treatment with HT maintained motility, although the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, sperm viability declined following incubation compared to the baseline. 25 \u03bcg\/mL HT significantly preserves sperm viability after 30 min compared to 0 \u03bcg\/mL HT (p = 0.02). Incubation significantly increased DNA fragmentation; however, at both 25 and 50 \u03bcg\/mL HT, DNA fragmentation remained comparable to pre-incubation levels. No significant effects were observed on lipid peroxidation, ROS levels, or mitochondrial membrane potential.\r\nConclusion: Incubation of AT sperm with HT for 30 min preserved sperm viability and reduced DNA damage, suggesting that HT may serve as a beneficial antioxidant in assisted reproductive technologies for men with AT by minimizing oxidative stress-related sperm damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v24i4.21172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:36:33Z","timestamp":1780392993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydroxytyrosol protects sperm viability and DNA integrity in human asthenoteratozoospermia during incubation: An experimental study"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Reihane","family":"Shafieizade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hezavehei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolhossein","family":"Shahverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Halvaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"333557","unstructured":"[1] World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 2021."},{"key":"333558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] Homa ST, Vessey W, Perez-Miranda A, Riyait T, Agarwal A. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human semen: Determination of a reference range. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32: 757\u2013764.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-015-0454-x"},{"key":"333559","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] Agarwal A, Tvrda E, Sharma R. Relationship amongst teratozoospermia, seminal oxidative stress and male infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12: 45.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-45"},{"key":"333560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Ghafarizadeh AA, Vaezi G, Shariatzadeh MA, Malekirad AA. Effect of in vitro selenium supplementation on sperm quality in asthenoteratozoospermic men. Andrologia 2018; 50: e12869.","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12869"},{"key":"333561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] Wang Y, Fu X, Li H. Mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced sperm dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16: 1520835.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1520835"},{"key":"333562","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] Ghasemian Nafchi H, Azizi Y, Amjadi F, Halvaei I. In vitro effects of plasma rich in growth factors on human teratozoospermic semen samples. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2023; 69: 255\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2023.2180455"},{"key":"333563","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] Bahmyari R, Zare M, Sharma R, Agarwal A, Halvaei I. The efficacy of antioxidants in sperm parameters and production of reactive oxygen species levels during the freeze-thaw process: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia 2020; 52: e13514.","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13514"},{"key":"333564","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Bertelli M, Kiani AK, Paolacci S, Manara E, Kurti D, Dhuli K, et al. Hydroxytyrosol: A natural compound with promising pharmacological activities. J Biotechnol 2020; 309: 29\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.12.016"},{"key":"333565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] Baharsaadi M, Hezavehei M, Shahverdi A, Halvaei I. Evaluation of the effects of hydroxytyrosol on human sperm parameters during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2024; 114: 104840.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2023.104840"},{"key":"333566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Kargari M, Sharafi M, Karimi Torshizi MA, Hezavehei M, Zanganeh Z. Effects of hydroxytyrosol on post-thaw quality of rooster sperm. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59: e14588.","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14588"},{"key":"333567","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Peng S, Zhang B, Yao J, Duan D, Fang J. Dual protection of hydroxytyrosol, an olive oil polyphenol, against oxidative damage in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2015; 6: 2091\u20132100.","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00097A"},{"key":"333568","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Karkovi\u0107 Markovi\u0107 A, Tori\u0107 J, Barbari\u0107 M, Jakobu\u0161i\u0107 Brala C. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and derivatives and their potential effects on human health. Molecules 2019; 24: 2001.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24102001"},{"key":"333569","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Bayram B, Ozcelik B, Grimm S, Roeder T, Schrader C, Ernst IMA, et al. A diet rich in olive oil phenolics reduces oxidative stress in the heart of SAMP8 mice by induction of Nrf2-dependent gene expression. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15: 71\u201381.","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2011.1245"},{"key":"333570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[14] Sharafi M, Blondin P, Vincent P, Anzar M, Benson JD. Hydroxytyrosol and resveratrol improves kinetic and flow cytometric parameters of cryopreserved bull semen with low cryotolerance. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 245: 107065.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2022.107065"},{"key":"333571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] Kedechi S, Zribi N, Louati N, Menif H, Sellami A, Lassoued S, et al. Antioxidant effect of hydroxytyrosol on human sperm quality during in vitro incubation. Andrologia 2017; 49: e12595.","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12595"},{"key":"333572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] Benitez Mora MP, Del Prete C, Longobardi V, Cocchia N, Esposito R, Piscopo F, et al. Incubating frozen-thawed buffalo sperm with olive fruit extracts counteracts thawing-induced oxidative stress and improves semen quality. Theriogenology 2024; 229: 118\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.08.024"},{"key":"333573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Benitez Mora MP, Kosior MA, Longobardi V, Del Prete C, Fedele FL, Staropoli A, et al. Incorporating olive (Olea europaea L) fruit extracts in a tris-based extender improves buffalo semen cryotolerance by reducing oxidative stress. Anim Reprod Sci 2025; 274: 107787.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2025.107787"},{"key":"333574","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Balbi M, Flaherti AL, Otero Fern\u00e1ndez T, Farnetano NA, Anchordoquy JM, Anchordoquy JP. Influence of hydroxytyrosol in semen extenders on fertilizing capacity and embryo development using cooled and cryopreserved bull sperm. Theriogenology 2026; 250: 117702.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2025.117702"},{"key":"333575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[19] Nabavinia MS, Yari A, Ghasemi-Esmailabad S, Gholoobi A, Gholizadeh L, Nabi A, et al. Improvement of human sperm properties with platelet-rich plasma as a cryoprotectant supplement. Cell Tissue Bank 2023; 24: 307\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-022-10032-6"},{"key":"333576","unstructured":"[20] Mirzaei J, Movahedin M, Halvaei I. Plasma-rich in growth factors ameliorates detrimental effects of cryopreservation on human sperm: A prospective study. Cell J 2022; 24: 330\u2013336."},{"key":"333577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Keyvanlou S, Movahedin M, Halvaei I. Effect of plasma-rich in growth factors supplementation timing on cryopreservation outcomes in normozoospermic samples and its protective role in asthenoteratozoospermia. J Hum Reprod Sci 2026; 19: 54\u201361.","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.jhrs_209_25"},{"key":"333578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[22] Hosseinmardi M, Siadat F, Sharafi M, Hayati Roodbari N, Hezavehei M. Protective effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on human sperm function during cryopreservation. Biopreserv Biobank 2022; 20: 24\u201330.","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2021.0020"},{"key":"333579","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[23] Arando A, Delgado JV, Berm\u00fadez-Oria A, Le\u00f3n JM, Fern\u00e1ndez-Prior \u00c1, Nogales S, et al. Effect of olive-derived antioxidants (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethanol and 3, 4 dihydroxyphenylglycol) on sperm motility and fertility in liquid ram sperm stored at 15\u00b0C or 5\u00b0C. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55: 325\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13631"},{"key":"333580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[24] Arando A, Delgado JV, Fern\u00e1ndez-Prior A, Le\u00f3n JM, Berm\u00fadez-Oria A, Nogales S, et al. Effect of different olive oil-derived antioxidants (hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol) on the quality of frozen-thawed ram sperm. Cryobiology 2019; 86: 33\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2019.01.002"},{"key":"333581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[25] Arando Arbulu A, Navas Gonz\u00e1lez FJ, Berm\u00fadez-Oria A, Delgado Bermejo JV, Fern\u00e1ndez-Prior \u00c1, Gonz\u00e1lez Ariza A, et al. Bayesian analysis of the effects of olive oil-derived antioxidants on cryopreserved buck sperm parameters. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11: 2032.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072032"},{"key":"333582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[26] Alharbi YM, Ali M, Alharbi MS. Impact of the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol on the quality of post-thawed stallion semen. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024: 6558480.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6558480"},{"key":"333583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[27] Alahmar AT. The effects of oral antioxidants on the semen of men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2018; 45: 57\u201366.","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2018.45.2.57"},{"key":"333584","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[28] Ibrahim SF, Osman K, Das S, Othman AM, Majid NA, Rahman MPA. A study of the antioxidant effect of alpha lipoic acids on sperm quality. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008; 63: 545\u2013550.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322008000400022"},{"key":"333585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[29] Li D, Zhang W, Tian X, He Y, Xiao Z, Zhao X, et al. Hydroxytyrosol effectively improves the quality of pig sperm at 17\u00b0C. Theriogenology 2022; 177: 172\u2013182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.10.018"},{"key":"333586","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] Hamden K, Allouche N, Damak M, Carreau S, Elfeki A. Potential protective effect of hydroxytyrosol against glucose-induced toxicity in spermatozoa in vitro. Asia Life Sci 2010; 19: 333\u2013344.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-010-0062-6"},{"key":"333587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] Zhaku V, Agarwal A, Beadini S, Henkel R, Finelli R, Beadini N, et al. Male infertility, oxidative stress and antioxidants. In: Erkekoglu P, Santos JS, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. Vitamin E in health disease-interactions, diseases health aspects. Intechopen; 2021.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.98204"},{"key":"333588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[32] Gonz\u00e1lez-Mar\u00edn C, Gos\u00e1lvez J, Roy R. Types, causes, detection and repair of DNA fragmentation in animal and human sperm cells. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13: 14026\u201314052.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114026"},{"key":"333589","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[33] Aitken RJ, Drevet JR, Moazamian A, Gharagozloo P. Male infertility and oxidative stress: A focus on the underlying mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11: 306.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020306"},{"key":"333590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[34] Qamar AY, Naveed MI, Raza S, Fang X, Roy PK, Bang S, et al. Role of antioxidants in fertility preservation of sperm - A narrative review. Anim Biosci 2023; 36: 385\u2013403.","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.22.0325"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/ijrm\/article\/download\/21172\/31924","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/ijrm\/article\/download\/21172\/31924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:00:56Z","timestamp":1780394456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/ijrm\/article\/view\/21172"},"secondary":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijrm.ir\/article-1-3765-en.html","label":"UNIVERSITY"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijrm.v24i4.21172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2476-3772","2476-4108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-3772","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2476-4108","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}