{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1791204737359,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFRH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen's immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men's high mortality rate from coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). It is aimed to clarify the role of 17-estradiol (E2) in the battle against COVID-19.\r\nMaterials and methods: Until April 2021, a study on PubMed was performed. COVID-19, 17-estradiol (E2), immunoregulatory properties, pregnancy, menopausal symptoms, hormonal therapy, ER\/ expression on immune cells, and mortality were some of the concepts used in the search.\r\nResults: Regulation of pro-inflammatory immune processes against COVID-19 appears to be associated with increased immune function (pro-inflammatory), anti-inflammatory regulation, and antiviral defense. Women with a severe coronavirus infection had higher serum IgG antibody levels than men, and their IgG production was faster in the early stages of infection. 17-estradiol (E2) levels of blood will increase by 100-fold during pregnancy. COVID-19 in pregnant women had a 15-fold lower mortality rate than other women. While menopause replacement therapy (MRT) for pre\/post-menopausal women and its effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 infection is debatable.\r\nConclusion: MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre\/post-menopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormones reduce inflammatory responses and modulate ACE2 expression. The task's difficulty and achieving the desired outcome seem to be challenging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/jfrh.v15i3.7132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T03:01:21Z","timestamp":1631070081000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have  an Immune-Protective Function in Women  Against Coronavirus?"],"prefix":"10.18502","author":[{"given":"Farideh","family":"Zafari Zangeneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Sarmast Shoushtari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"container-title":["Journal of Family and Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/JFRH\/article\/download\/7132\/6881","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/JFRH\/article\/download\/7132\/6881","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:05:22Z","timestamp":1791201922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/JFRH\/article\/view\/7132"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jfrh.tums.ac.ir\/index.php\/jfrh\/article\/view\/1787","label":"UNIVERSITY"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publish.kne-publishing.com\/index.php\/JFRH\/article\/view\/7132","label":"PUBLISHER"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jfrh.v15i3.7132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-9392","1735-8949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-9392","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1735-8949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}}}