{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:22:15Z","timestamp":1787743335854,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Knowledge E DMCC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["knepublishing.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOVR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Despite advancements in genetic testing, a significant number of patients with retinal dystrophy receive negative test results due to single-allele mutations in genes with autosomal recessive inheritance patterns. This study aimed to address this diagnostic challenge by proposing a preliminary mathematical model based on mutational burden analysis. This approach can identify unique digenic or oligogenic combinations, potentially prioritizing them for further investigation. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and genetic data from 527 subjects comprising 453 patients with retinal dystrophies (cases) and 74 controls and created semi-synthetic datasets. Protein\u2013 protein interaction networks were analyzed, and the significance of mutational burden in specific molecular pathways was investigated. Results: Our model identified two metabolic pathways that are highly correlated to each other, namely \u201cretinoid cycle disease events\u201d and \u201ccanonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision).\u201d These pathways were significantly impacted by the burden of variants we found in the case group. Moreover, the gene combinations (ABCA4, RDH12) and (ABCA4, RBP3) were identified exclusively in cases of retinal dystrophies. Conclusion: The proposed preliminary model provides a systematic approach to calculate the mutational burden in patients with retinal dystrophies and previous negative genetic test results. Moreover, the bioinformatic analysis facilitated the identification of recurrent combinations of involved genes, suggesting possible new digenic or oligogenic inheritance patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v21.18236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:48:11Z","timestamp":1787741291000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/knecrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical Model to Assess Mutational Burden in Retinal Dystrophy Patients Negative to Mendelian Genetic Tests and Carriers of Multiple Recessive Variants"],"prefix":"10.18502","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8693-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Medori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7912-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Macchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1974-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo Enrico","family":"Maltese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9198-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Miertu\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6479-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cristofoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2076-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornela","family":"Gordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xhilda","family":"Dhamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9039-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eglantina","family":"Kalluci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1965-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Ve\u0161el\u00e9nyiov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Miertu\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iveta Dirgov\u00e1","family":"Lupt\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Posp\u00edchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6512-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bernini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Placidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetto","family":"Falsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5104-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Chiurazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dror","family":"Rosentraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bertelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7770","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"342555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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