{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:50:08Z","timestamp":1761324608802,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/vavilov.elpub.ru\/jour\/about\/editorialPolicies#openAccessPolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vestn. VOGiS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Y chromosome contains a set of genes with testis-specific expression that are responsible for the development of testes and spermatogenesis, and it is the most important target in the search for genetic causes of male infertility. Most of these genes are located in the \u201cazoospermia factor\u201d AZF locus (regions AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc) on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Microdeletions of the Y chromosome, leading to the removal of the entire AZF locus as well as one or more regions (complete deletions), are one of the leading causes of spermatogenesis impairment and infertility. However, the role of partial AZFc deletions (gr\/gr, b2\/b3, b1\/b3) in spermatogenesis failure is unclear, and their impact on spermatogenesis varies between populations. The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of various types of AZFc microdeletions and to search for associations with spermatogenesis parameters in men of Slavic ethnicity from the general Russian population (n = 700, average age 25.8 years). To identify AZF microdeletions, the presence\/ absence of 15 STS markers was analyzed using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Age, weight, height, and the volume, concentration, total count, proportion of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa in the ejaculate were recorded for all participants. In the studied sample, 19.9 % (139\/700) of men were found to have AZFc microdeletions, of which 16.7 % (117\/700) were carriers of a partial b2\/b3 deletion, 3.0 % (21\/700) had a partial gr\/gr deletion, and 0.14 % (1\/700) had a complete b2\/b4 deletion. Neither AZFa nor AZFb microdeletions nor other types of AZF deletions were detected. The overall frequency of all types of AZFc deletions, as well as each type of partial microdeletion, b2\/b3 and gr\/gr, did not differ in the groups of azoospermia, severe oligozoospermia (\u22645.0 mill\/ml), oligozoospermia (5.0\u00a0&lt;\u00a0SC\u00a0&lt; 16.0 mill\/ml), and normal sperm concentration (\u226516.0 mill\/ml). Comparison of semen parameters in groups with different types of partial AZFc deletions and the control group (without deletions) also did not reveal significant differences. Thus, partial AZFc microdeletions b2\/b3 and gr\/gr do not have a significant impact on spermatogenesis in Slavic men. It is suggested that in Slavs, partial AZFc microdeletions b2\/b3 and gr\/gr are fixed in Y haplogroups N3 and R1a, respectively, and their negative impact on spermatogenesis is balanced by other genetic factors. The higher frequency of partial AZFc deletions (19.7 %) in Slavs compared to European populations (7.3 %) established in our study may be explained by the widespread distribution of these Y haplogroups in the Slavic population of Russia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18699\/vjgb-24-86","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T12:37:37Z","timestamp":1732538257000},"page":"780-791","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of AZF\u0441 Y chromosome microdeletions and association with spermatogenesis in Russian men from the general population"],"prefix":"10.18699","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7597-9204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L. V.","family":"Osadchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-6832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"G. V.","family":"Vasiliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Stock Company Vector Best"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Prasolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Joint Stock Company Vector Best"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-2525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. A.","family":"Kleshchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4210-7354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. V.","family":"Osadchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7950","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbarzadeh Khiavi M., Jalili A., Safary A., Gharedaghchi Z., Mirinezhad S.K., Mehdizadeh A., Rahmani S.A. Karyotypic abnormalities and molecular analysis of Y chromosome microdeletion in Iranian Azeri Turkish population infertile men. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 2020;66(2):140-146. DOI 10.1080\/19396368.2019.1682083","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2019.1682083"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alimardanian L., Saliminejad K., Razi S., Ahani A. Analysis of partial azoospermia factor c deletion and DAZ copy number in azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Andrologia. 2016;48(9):890-894. DOI 10.1111\/and.12527","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12527"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arredi B., Ferlin A., Speltra E., Bedin C., Zuccarello D., Ganz F., Marchina E., Stuppia L., Krausz C., Foresta C. Y-chromosome haplogroups and susceptibility to azoospermia factor c microdeletion in an Italian population. J. Med. Genet. 2007;44(3):205-208. DOI 10.1136\/jmg.2006.046433","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.046433"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Bahmanimehr A., Zeighami S., Namavar Jahromi B., Anvar Z., Parsanezhad M.E., Davari M., Montazeri S. Detection of Y chromosome microdeletions and hormonal profile analysis of infertile men undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 2018;12(2):173-177. DOI 10.22074\/ijfs.2018.5244"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Balanovska E.V., Balanovsky O.P. The Russian Gene Pool on the Russian Plain. Moscow, 2007 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal S.K., Gupta G., Rajender S. Y chromosome b2\/b3 deletions and male infertility: a comprehensive meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis and systematic review. Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 2016a; 768:78-90. DOI 10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.04.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.04.007"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal S.K., Jaiswal D., Gupta N., Singh K., Dada R., Sankhwar S.N., Gupta G., Rajender S. Gr\/gr deletions on Y-chromosome correlate with male infertility: an original study, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses. Sci. Rep. 2016b;6:19798. DOI 10.1038\/srep19798","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19798"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Barkov I.Yu., Soroka N.E., Popova A.Yu., Gamidov S.I., Belyaeva N.A., Glinkina Zh.I., Kalinina E.A., Trofimov D.Yu., Sukhikh G.T. Diagnosis of male infertility associated with microdeletions at the AZF locus of the Y chromosome. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya = Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014;1:59-64 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behulova R., Varga I., Strhakova L., Bozikova A., Gabrikova D., Boronova I., Repiska V. Incidence of microdeletions in the AZF region of the Y chromosome in Slovak patients with azoospermia. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech. Repub. 2011;155(1): 33-38. DOI 10.5507\/bp.2011.006","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2011.006"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyaz C.C., Gunes S., Onem K., Kulac T., Asci R. Partial deletions of Y-chromosome in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in a Turkish population. In Vivo. 2017;31(3):365-371. DOI 10.21873\/invivo.11068","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11068"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernykh V.B., Chukhrova A.L., Beskorovainaya T.S., Grishina E.M., Sorokina T.M., Shileiko L.V., Gogolevsky P.A., Kalugina A.S., Morina G.V., Togobetsky A.S., Tanevsky V.E., Zdanovsky V.M., Gogolevskaya I.K., Kramerov D.A., Polyakov A.V., Kurilo L.F. Types of Y chromosome deletions and their frequency in infertile men. Russ. J. Genet. 2006;42(8):936-941. DOI 10.1134\/S1022795406080138","DOI":"10.1134\/S1022795406080138"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"ChernykhV.B., Rudneva S.A., Sorokina T.M., Shileyko L.V., Kurilo L.F., Ryzhkova O.P., Chukhrova A.L., Polyakov A.V. Characteristics of spermatogenesis in infertile men with the AZFc region deletions. Andrologiya i Genitalnaya Khirurgiya = Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2014;2:48-57 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernykh V.B., Ryzhkova O.P., Kuznetsova I.A., Kazaryan M.S., Sorokina T.M., Kurilo L.F., Schagina O.A., Polyakov A.V. Deletions in AZFc region of Y chromosome in Russian fertile men. Russ. J. Genet. 2022;58(7):850-856. DOI 10.1134\/s1022795422070043","DOI":"10.1134\/S1022795422070043"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi J., Song S.H., Bak C.W., Sung S.R., Yoon T.K., Lee D.R., Shim S.H. Impaired spermatogenesis and gr\/gr deletions related to Y chromosome haplogroups in Korean men. PLoS One. 2012;7(8): e43550. DOI 10.1371\/journal.pone.0043550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043550"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cioppi F., Rosta V., Krausz C. Genetics of azoospermia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(6):3264. DOI 10.3390\/ijms22063264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063264"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colaco S., Modi D. Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2018; 16(1):14. DOI 10.1186\/s12958-018-0330-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0330-5"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng C.Y., Zhang Z., Tang W.H., Jiang H. Microdeletions and vertical transmission of the Y-chromosome azoospermia factor region. Asian J. Androl. 2023;25(1):5-12. DOI 10.4103\/aja2021130","DOI":"10.4103\/aja2021130"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derenko M., Malyarchuk B., Denisova G., Wozniak M., Grzybowski T., Dambueva I., Zakharov I. Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;52(9):763-770. DOI 10.1007\/s10038-007-0179-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-007-0179-5"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferlin A., Tessari A., Ganz F., Marchina E., Barlati S., Garolla A., Engl B., Foresta C. Association of partial AZFc region deletions with spermatogenic impairment and male infertility. J. Med. Genet. 2005;42(3):209-213. DOI 10.1136\/jmg.2004.025833","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.025833"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu M., Chen M., Guo N., Lin M., Li Y., Huang H., Cai M., Xu L. Molecular genetic analysis of 1,980 cases of male infertility. Exp. Ther. Med. 2023;26(1):345. DOI 10.3892\/etm.2023.12044","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12044"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbel M., Gargouri S.B., Zribi N., Abdallah F.B., Cherif M., Keskes R., Chakroun N., Sellami A., McElreavey K., Fakhfakh F., Ammar-Keskes L. Partial microdeletions in the Y-chromosome AZFc region are not a significant risk factor for spermatogenic impairment in Tunisian infertile men. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers. 2012;16(7): 775-779. DOI 10.1089\/gtmb.2012.0024","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2012.0024"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallast P., Kibena L., Punab M., Arciero E., Rootsi S., Grigorova M., Flores R., Jobling M.A., Poolamets O., Pomm K., Korrovits P., Rull K., Xue Y., Tyler-Smith C., Laan M. A common 1.6 MB Ychromosomal inversion predisposes to subsequent deletions and severe spermatogenic failure in humans. eLife. 2021;10:e65420. DOI 10.7554\/eLife.65420","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65420"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hucklenbroich K., Gromoll J., Heinrich M., Hohoff C., Nieschlag E., Simoni M. Partial deletions in the AZFc region of the Y chromosome occur in men with impaired as well as normal spermatogenesis. Hum. Reprod. 2005;20(1):191-197. DOI 10.1093\/humrep\/deh558","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh558"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iijima M., Shigehara K., Igarashi H., Kyono K., Suzuki Y., Tsuji Y., Kobori Y., Kobayashi H., Mizokami A. Y chromosome microdeletion screening using a new molecular diagnostic method in 1030 Japanese males with infertility. Asian J. Androl. 2020;22(4):368-371. DOI 10.4103\/aja.aja_97_19","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_97_19"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilum\u00e4e A.M., Reidla M., Chukhryaeva M., J\u00e4rve M., Post H., Karmin M., Saag L., Agdzhoyan A., Kushniarevich A., Litvinov S., Ekomasova N., Tambets K., Metspalu E., Khusainova R., Yunusbayev B., Khusnutdinova E.K., Osipova L.P., Fedorova S., Utevska O., Koshel S., Balanovska E., Behar D.M., Balanovsky O., Kivisild T., Underhill P.A., Villems R., Rootsi S. Human Y chromosome haplogroup N: a non-trivial time-resolved phylogeography that cuts across language families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2016;99(1): 163-173. DOI 10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.05.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.05.025"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson M., Raheem A., De Luca F., Hallerstrom M., Zainal Y., Poselay S., Mohammadi B., Moubasher A., Johnson T.F., Muneer A., Sangster P., Ralph D.J. An analysis of the frequency of Y-chromosome microdeletions and the determination of a threshold sperm concentration for genetic testing in infertile men. BJU Int. 2019; 123(2):367-372. DOI 10.1111\/bju.14521","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14521"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krausz C., Casamonti E. Spermatogenic failure and the Y chromosome. Hum. Genet. 2017;136(5):637-655. DOI 10.1007\/s00439-017-1793-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-017-1793-8"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krausz C., Cioppi F., Riera-Escamilla A. Testing for genetic contributions to infertility: potential clinical impact. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2018;18(4):331-346. DOI 10.1080\/14737159.2018.1453358","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1453358"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krausz C., Navarro-Costa P., Wilke M., T\u00fcttelmann F. EAA\/EMQN best practice guidelines for molecular diagnosis of Y-chromosomal microdeletions: state of the art 2023. Andrology. 2024;12(3):487- 504. DOI 10.1111\/andr.13514","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13514"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroda S., Usui K., Sanjo H., Takeshima T., Kawahara T., Uemura H., Yumura Y. Genetic disorders and male infertility. Reprod. Med. Biol. 2020;19(4):314-322. DOI 10.1002\/rmb2.12336","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12336"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzmanovska M., Noveski P., Terzic M., Plaseski T., Kubelka-Sabit K., Filipovski V., Lazarevski S., Sukarova Stefanovska E., PlaseskaKaranfilska D. Y-chromosome haplogroup architecture confers susceptibility to azoospermia factor c microrearrangements: a retrospective study. Croat. Med. J. 2019;60(3):273-283. DOI 10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.273","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.273"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Lebedev G.S., Golubev N.A., Shaderkin I.A., Shaderkina V.A., Apolikhin O.I., Sivkov A.V., Komarova V.A. Male infertility in the Russian Federation: statistical data for 2000\u20132018. Eksperimental\u2019naya i Klinicheskaya Urologiya = Experimental and Clinical Urology. 2019; 4:4-12. DOI 10.29188\/2222-8543-2019-11-4-4-12 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levkova M., Chervenkov T., Angelova L. The association of gr\/gr deletion in the Y chromosome and impaired spermatogenesis in Bulgarian males: a pilot study. Middle East Fertil. Soc. J. 2020;25:10. DOI 10.1186\/s43043-020-00020-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-020-00020-9"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu T., Song Y.X., Jiang Y.M. Early detection of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men is helpful to guide clinical reproductive treatments in southwest of China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(5):e14350. DOI 10.1097\/MD.0000000000014350","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014350"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Giacco D., Chianese C., S\u00e1nchez-Curbelo J., Bassas L., Ruiz P., Rajmil O., Sarquella J., Vives A., Ruiz-Casta\u00f1\u00e9 E., Oliva R., Ars E., Krausz C. Clinical relevance of Y-linked CNV screening in male infertility: new insights based on the 8-year experience of a diagnostic genetic laboratory. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014;22(6):754-761. DOI 10.1038\/ejhg.2013.253","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.253"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu C., Jiang J., Zhang R., Wang Y., Xu M., Qin Y., Lin Y., Guo X., Ni B., Zhao Y., Diao N., Chen F., Shen H., Sha J., Xia Y., Hu Z., Wang X. Gene copy number alterations in the azoospermia-associated AZFc region and their effect on spermatogenic impairment. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2014;20(9):836-843. DOI 10.1093\/molehr\/gau043","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau043"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhaylenko D.S., Sobol I.Y., Safronova N.Y., Simonova O.A., Efremov E.A., Efremov G.D., Alekseev B.Y., Kaprin A.D., Nemtsova M.V. The incidence of AZF deletions, CFTR mutations and long alleles of the AR CAG repeats during the primary laboratory diagnostics in a heterogeneous group of infertily men. Urologiia. 2019; 3:101-107. DOI 10.18565\/urology.2019.3.101-107 (in Russian)","DOI":"10.18565\/urology.2019.3.101-107"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mok\u00e1nszki A., Ujfalusi A., Gombos \u00c9., Balogh I. Examination of Y-chromosomal microdeletions and partial microdeletions in idiopathic infertility in East Hungarian patients. J. Hum. Reprod. Sci. 2018;11(4):329-336. DOI 10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_12_18","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_12_18"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osadchuk L.V., Shantanova L.N., Troev I.V., Kleshchev M.A., Osadchuk A.V. Regional and ethnic differences in semen quality and reproductive hormones in Russia: a Siberian population-based cohort study of young men. Andrology. 2021;9:1512-1525. DOI 10.1111\/andr.13024","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13024"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osadchuk L., Vasiliev G., Kleshchev M., Osadchuk A. Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length varies and affects semen quality in an ethnic-specific fashion in young men from Russia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(18):10594. DOI 10.3390\/ijms231810594","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810594"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan Y., Li L.L., Yu Y., Jiang Y.T., Yang X., Zhang H.G., Liu R.Z., Wang R.X. Natural transmission of b2\/b3 subdeletion or duplication to expanded Y chromosome microdeletions. Med. Sci. Monit. 2018;24:6559-6563. DOI 10.12659\/MSM.911644","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.911644"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterlin B., Kunej T., Sinkovec J., Gligorievska N., Zorn B. Screening for Y chromosome microdeletions in 226 Slovenian subfertile men. Hum. Reprod. 2002;17(1):17-24. DOI 10.1093\/humrep\/17.1.17","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.1.17"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Plaseski T., Novevski P., Kocevska B., Dimitrovski C., Efremov G.D., Plaseska-Karanfilska D. AZF deletions in infertile men from the Republic of Macedonia. Prilozi. 2006;27(1):5-16"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repping S., van Daalen S.K., Korver C.M., Brown L.G., Marszalek J.D., Gianotten J., Oates R.D., Silber S., van der Veen F., Page D.C., Rozen S. A family of human Y chromosomes has dispersed throughout northern Eurasia despite a 1.8-Mb deletion in the azoospermia factor c region. Genomics. 2004;83(6):1046-1052. DOI 10.1016\/j.ygeno.2003.12.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2003.12.018"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozen S.G., Marszalek J.D., Irenze K., Skaletsky H., Brown L.G., Oates R.D., Silber S.J., Ardlie K., Page D.C. AZFc deletions and spermatogenic failure: a population-based survey of 20,000 Y chromosomes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2012;91(5):890-896. DOI 10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.09.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.09.003"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sin H.S., Koh E., Shigehara K., Sugimoto K., Maeda Y., Yoshida A., Kyono K., Namiki M. Features of constitutive gr\/gr deletion in a Japanese population. Hum. Reprod. 2010;25(9):2396-2403. DOI 10.1093\/humrep\/deq191","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq191"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Stepanov V.A., Khar\u2019kov V.N., Puzyrev V.P. Evolution and phylogeography of human Y-chromosomal lineages. Informatsionnyy Vestnik VOGiS = The Herald of Vavilov Society for Geneticists and Breeders. 2006;10(1):57-74 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem A.S., Singh V., Makker G.C., Trivedi S., Mishra G., Singh K., Rajender S. AZF deletions in Indian populations: original study and meta-analyses. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2020;37(2):459-469. DOI 10.1007\/s10815-019-01661-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01661-0"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 6th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y., Ma M., Li L., Su D., Chen P., Ma Y., Liu Y., Tao D., Lin L., Zhang S. Differential effect of specific gr\/gr deletion subtypes on spermatogenesis in the Chinese Han population. Int. J. Androl. 2010;33(5):745-754. DOI 10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01015.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01015.x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye J.J., Ma L., Yang L.J., Wang J.H., Wang Y.L., Guo H., Gong N., Nie W.H., Zhao S.H. Partial AZF c duplications not deletions are associated with male infertility in the Yi population of Yunnan Province, China. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 2013;14(9):807-815. DOI 10.1631\/jzus.B1200301","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200301"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F., Lu C., Li Z., Xie P., Xia Y., Zhu X., Wu B., Cai X., Wang X., Qian J., Wang X., Jin L. Partial deletions are associated with an increased risk of complete deletion in AZFc: a new insight into the role of partial AZFc deletions in male infertility. J. Med. Genet. 2007;44(7):437-444. DOI 10.1136\/jmg.2007.049056","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.049056"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zobkova G.Yu., Baranova E.E., Donnikov A.E., Mskhalaya G.J., Zaletova V.V., Koshkina T.E., Trofimov D.Yu. Range of azoospermia factor (AZF) deletions in men with normal and disturbed spermatogenesis. Problemy Reproduktsii = Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2017;4:109-113. DOI 10.17116\/repro2017234109-113 (in Russian).","DOI":"10.17116\/repro2017234109-113"}],"container-title":["Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/vavilov.elpub.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/4351\/1885","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:30:15Z","timestamp":1733391015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/vavilov.elpub.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/4351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18699\/vjgb-24-86","relation":{},"ISSN":["2500-3259"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2500-3259"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}