{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T11:14:10Z","timestamp":1788088450084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/vavilov.elpub.ru\/jour\/about\/editorialPolicies#openAccessPolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vestn. VOGiS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Phanagoria settlement, located on the Taman Peninsula, is a unique archaeological site. The history of the ancient city spans approximately 15 centuries, making Phanagoria a witness to many historical events, including those related to the early history of the Old Rus\u2019 state. The early medieval period of Phanagoria\u2019s history is of particular interest due to its insufficient study. The Phanagoria Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Phanagoria Museum-Reserve, studied the city\u2019s cultural strata from the 7th\u201310th centuries. This period of the urban center\u2019s existence is closely linked to the history of the Khazar Khaganate and culminates in the city\u2019s destruction as a result of an enemy attack. During excavations, skeletal remains bearing signs of violent death were discovered. Anthropological analysis revealed Mongoloid features of the individuals discovered. This paper presents the results of a bioinformatics-based analysis of whole-genome sequences from the remains of three individuals from\u00a0 a Khazar cultural layer. Radiocarbon dating was performed for two individuals. High mitochondrial DNA coverage\u00a0 (43- to 96-fold) confirmed its low level of contamination, and determined the mitochondrial chromosome haplogroup. High genome coverage confirmed the authenticity of the analyzed ancient DNA and allowed the determination of the individuals\u2019 sex and Y-chromosome haplogroup. Population analysis was performed using PCA, ancestral component analysis, using ADMIXTURE, and allele frequency correlation analysis, using the\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    3 statistic. Whole-genome data analysis of the three samples demonstrated the genetic proximity of the studied individuals to the modern Turkic-speaking population of Central Asia, as well as to early medieval nomadic groups of the Eurasian steppe, Hungarian Avars, and Mongols. Principal component analysis revealed the presence of Asian and European genetic components in the genomes of the studied samples. Our study suggests that the genetic profile of the individuals studied was formed by the mixing of the gene pools of people from the eastern regions of the Eurasian Steppe and populations of Western Eurasia. The Asian components are related to those of medieval groups of Mongols and Avars.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18699\/vjgb-26-77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:03:05Z","timestamp":1788080585000},"page":"761-774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic profiles of the Khazar-Period inhabitants of Phanagoria"],"prefix":"10.18699","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"V. S.","family":"Okovantsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. D.","family":"Manakhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"},{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. V.","family":"Rozhdestvenskih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. E.","family":"Khrapov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. V.","family":"Dobrovolskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. G.","family":"Svirkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"},{"name":"Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. N.","family":"Ostapenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"},{"name":"Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"The State Museum-Preserve \u201cPhanagoria\u201d"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. D.","family":"Kuznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"},{"name":"Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"The State Museum-Preserve \u201cPhanagoria\u201d"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. V.","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"},{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Centre of Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. I.","family":"Rogaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory"},{"name":"UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7950","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Afanasiev G.E. On the self-identification of the Khazar Khaganate in the 9th century (based on data of the defence system). Kratkie Soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii = Brief Commun Inst Archaeol. 2015;238:98-114 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Aibabin A.I. Written sources on Byzantine ports in the Crimea from the fourth to seventh century. Uchenye Zapiski Tavricheskogo Natsional\u2019nogo Universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Seriya: Isto richeskiye Nauki. 2013;26(2):156-166"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ala\u00e7aml\u0131 E., Naidoo T., G\u00fcler M.N., Sa\u011fl\u0131can E., Akt\u00fcrk \u015e., Mapelli I., Vural K.B., Somel M., Malmstr\u00f6m H., G\u00fcnther T. READv2: advanced and user-friendly detection of biological relatedness in archaeogenomics. Genome Biol. 2024;25:216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-024-03350-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03350-3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander D.H., Novembre J., Lange K. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Res. 2009;19(9):","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"-1664. doi 10.1101\/gr.094052.109"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasiadou K., Silva M., Booth T., Speidel L., Audsley T., Barrington C., Buckberry J., \u2026 Holst M., Loe L., Armit I., Schulting R., Skog lund P. Detection of chromosomal aneuploidy in ancient genomes. Commun Biol. 2024;7(1):14. doi 10.1038\/s42003-02305642-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05642-z"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreeva T.V., Manakhov A.D., Gusev F.E., Patrikeev A.D., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B., Shirobokov I.G., Rogaev E.I. Genomic analysis of a novel Neanderthal from Mezmaiskaya Cave provides insights into the genetic relationships of Middle Palaeolithic po pulations. Sci Rep. 2022a;12(1):13016. doi 10.1038\/s41598-022-16164-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16164-9"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Andreeva T.V., Patrikeev A.D., Manakhov A.D., Rogaev E.I. Genetic profiles of representatives of ancient populations of the Russian plain in the Iron and Middle ages. Database. \u2116 2022623562. 2022b (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Andreeva T.V., Manakhov A.D., Rogaev E.I. Genetic profiles of the population of Medieval Rus. Database. \u2116 2023624133. 2023 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Artamonov M.I. History of the Khazars. Leningrad, 1962 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Balabanova M.A. Anthropology of the population of the Lower Volga region (late 5th \u2013 first half of the 9th centuries). In: Evglev sky A.V. (Ed.) Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages. Donetsk: Donetsk National University Publ., 2005;55-72 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Balabanova M.A. Features of the anthropological composition of burial complexes of the Khazar period. In: Gokhman I.I., Gromov A.V. (Eds) Some Current Issues of Modern Anthropology. St. Petersburg, 2006;59-61 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Balabanova M.A. Anthropological structure of the population of the Eastern European steppes in the Khazar period. In: Matishov D.G. (Ed.) International Scientific Conference \u201cThe Population of Southern Russia Across the Ages\u201d (The Don Readings in Physical Anthropology). Rostov-on-Don, 2013;76-78 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Batieva E.F. Antropology of Bottom Don\u2019s population in Khazar Studies. Donskaya Arkheologiya. 2002;(3-4):71-101 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang C.C., Chow C.C., Tellier L.C., Vattikuti S., Purcell S.M., Lee J.J. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience. 2015;4:7. doi 10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Chichurov I.S. Byzantine Historical Works: \u201cChronographia\u201d by Theophanes, \u201cBreviarium\u201d by Nikephoros: Texts, Translation, Commentary. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1980 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Chkhaidze V.N. Phanagoria in the 6th\u201310th Centuries. Moscow, 2012 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damgaard P. de B., Marchi N., Rasmussen S., Peyrot M., Renaud G., Korneliussen T., Moreno-Mayar J.V., \u2026 Nielsen R., Sikora M., Heyer E., Kristiansen K., Willerslev E. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature. 2018;557(7705):369-374. doi 10.1038\/s41586-018-0094-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0094-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danecek P., Bonfield J.K., Liddle J., Marshall J., Ohan V., Pollard M.O., Whitwham A., Keane T., McCarthy S.A., Davies R.M., Li H. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. GigaScience. 2021;10(2):giab008. doi 10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derenko M., Malyarchuk B., Grzybowski T., Denisova G., Rogalla U., Perkova M., Dambueva I., Zakharov I. Origin and Post-Glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e15214. doi 10.1371\/journal.pone.0015214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015214"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Dobrovolskaya M.V., Svirkina N.G. Anthropological materials of the Khazar period from Phanagoria. In: Phanagoria. Results of Archaeological Research. Vol. 6. Moscow, 2018;73-87 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Dunlop D.M. The History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton University Press, 1954"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehler E., Novotn\u00fd J., Juras A., Chyle\u0144ski M., Morav\u010d\u00edk O., Pa\u010des J. AmtDB: a database of ancient human mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res . 2019;47(D1):D29-D32. doi 10.1093\/nar\/gky843","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky843"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Eltsov N., Volodko N. MtPhyl: Software tool for human mtDNA analysis and phylogeny reconstruction [WWW Document]. URL: http:\/\/eltsov.org"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flegontov P., Alt\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131k N.E., Changmai P., Rohland N., Mallick S., Adam ski N., Bolnick D.A., \u2026 O\u2019Rourke D.H., Krause J., Pinhasi R., Reich D., Schiffels S. Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America. Nature. 2019;570(7760): 236-240. doi 10.1038\/s41586-019-1251-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1251-y"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu Q., Mittnik A., Johnson P.L.F., Bos K., Lari M., Bollongino R., Sun C., \u2026 Caramelli D., Castellano S., Reich D., P\u00e4\u00e4bo S., Krause J. A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes. Curr Biol. 2013;23(7):553-559. doi 10.1016\/j.cub.2013.02.044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.02.044"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gansauge M.-T., Meyer M. Single-stranded DNA library preparation for the sequencing of ancient or damaged DNA. Nat Protoc. 2013; 8(4):737-748. doi 10.1038\/nprot.2013.038","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.038"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Ginzburg V.V. Anthropological data on the ethnogenesis of the Khazars. Sovetskaya Etnografiya = Soviet Ethnogr. 1946;2:81-86 (in Rus sian)"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Ginzburg V.V. Anthropological composition of the population of Sarkel \u2013 Belaya Vezha and its origin. In: Artamonov M.I. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Volga-Don Archaeological Expedition. Materials and Research on the Archaeology of the USSR. Moscow; Leningrad, 1963;260-281 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Golden P.B. Khazar Studies. Budapest: Akad\u00e9miai kiad\u00f3, 1980"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golofast L.A. Early medieval amphora with a Hebrew inscription on the lead seal from Phanagoria. Rossijskaya Archaeologiya = Russian Archaeology. 2020;3:159-172. doi 10.31857\/S086960630010958-2 (in Russian)]","DOI":"10.31857\/S086960630010958-2"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"HaploTree. 2025. URL: https:\/\/haplotree.info\/home\/ (accessed 12.1.25)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f3nsson H., Ginolhac A., Schubert M., Johnson P.L.F., Orlando L. mapDamage2.0: fast approximate Bayesian estimates of ancient DNA damage parameters. Bioinformatics. 2013;29(13):1682-1684. doi 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt193","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt193"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Kalinina T.M. Three stages of existence and the fall of the Khazar Khaganate. In: The Khazars: Myth and History. Moscow: Mosty Kultury Publ., 2010;25-41 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsov V.D. Phanagorian synagogue (preliminary report). Rossijskaya Archaeologiya = Russian Archaeology. 2024;3:117-127. doi 10.31857\/S0869606324030085 (in Russian)","DOI":"10.31857\/S0869606324030085"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Kuznetsov V.D., Ostapenko S.N. Medieval Phanagoria: new discoveries. Vestnik Drevney Istorii = J Ancient Hist. 2024;84(2):386-399. doi 10.31857\/S0321039124020077 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Mittnik A., Renaud G., Mallick S., Kirsanow K., Sudmant P.H., \u2026 Slatkin M., P\u00e4\u00e4bo S., Kelso J., Reich D., Krause J. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature. 2014;513(7518):409-413. doi 10.1038\/nature13673"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Anthony D., Vyazov L., Fournier R., Ringbauer H., Olalde I., \u2026 Palamara P.F., Mallick S., Rohland N., Pinhasi R., Reich D. The genetic origin of the Indo-Europeans. Nature. 2025;639(8053):132-142. doi 10.1038\/s41586-024-08531-5"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H., Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with BurrowsWheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(14):1754-1760. doi 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick S., Micco A., Mah M., Ringbauer H., Lazaridis I., Olalde I., Patterson N., Reich D. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Sci Data. 2024; 11(1):182. doi 10.1038\/s41597-024-03031-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03031-7"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Manakhov A.D., Rozhdestvenskikh E.V., Aituganova E.D., Kunizheva S.S., Voroshilov A.N., Svirkina N.G., Ostapenko S.N., Kuz netsov V.D., Rogaev E.I. Genetic study of individuals buried in two tombs of the Classical period from the eastern necropolis of Phanagoria. In: Proceedings of the 7th (23rd) All-Russian Archaeological Congress. Vol. 3. Krasnoyarsk, 2025;370-372 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00f3ti Z., Nepar\u00e1czki E., Sch\u00fctz O., Ma\u00e1r K., Varga G.I.B., Kov\u00e1cs B., Kalm\u00e1r T., \u2026 Guly\u00e1s B., Kovacs\u00f3czy B.N., G\u00e1l S.S., Tomka P., T\u00f6r\u00f6k T. The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians. Curr Biol. 2022;32(13):2858-2870.e7. doi 10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.093"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouttham N., Klunk J., Kuch M., Fourney R., Poinar H. Surveying the repair of ancient DNA from bones via high-throughput sequencing. BioTechniques. 2015;59(1):19-25. doi 10.2144\/000114307","DOI":"10.2144\/000114307"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikitin A.G., Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Ivanova S., Videiko M., Dergachev V., Kotova N., \u2026 Workman J.N., Zalzala F., Mallick S., Rohland N., Reich D. A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Nature. 2025;639(8053):124-131. doi 10.1038\/s41586-024-08372-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08372-2"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Novoseltsev A.P. The Khazar State and its Role in the History of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1990 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson N., Price A.L., Reich D. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2006;2(12):e190. doi 10.1371\/journal.pgen. 0020190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020190"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson N., Moorjani P., Luo Y., Mallick S., Rohland N., Zhan Y., Genschoreck T., Webster T., Reich D. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics. 2012;192(3):1065-1093. doi 10.1534\/genetics.112.145037","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.145037"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petr M., Vernot B., Kelso J. admixr \u2013 R package for reproducible analyses using ADMIXTOOLS. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(17):3194-3195. doi 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz030","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz030"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Picard Tools \u2013 By Broad Institute [WWW Document] 2019. URL: https:\/\/broadinstitute.github.io\/picard\/ (accessed 12.1.25)"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Pletneva S.A. From Nomadic Camps to Cities. The Saltovo-Mayaki Culture. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1967 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Pletneva S.A. Nomads of the Middle Ages. In Search of Historical Patterns. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1982 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen M., Guo X., Wang Y., Lohmueller K.E., Rasmussen S., Albrechtsen A., Skotte L., \u2026 Sicheritz-Pont\u00e9n T., Villems R., Nielsen R., Wang J., Willerslev E. An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia. Science. 2011;334(6052): 94-98. doi 10.1126\/science.1211177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211177"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaud G., Slon V., Duggan A.T., Kelso J. Schmutzi: estimation of conta mination and endogenous mitochondrial consensus calling for ancient DNA. Genome Biol. 2015;16:224. doi 10.1186\/s13059-0150776-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0776-0"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Rozhdestvenskikh E.V., Manakhov A.D., Voroshilov A.N., Svirkina N.G., Aituganova E.D., Kunizheva S.S., Andreeva T.V., Ostapenko S.N., Kuznetsov V.D., Rogaev E.I. Historical genetics of Phanagoria: genomic analysis of individuals from a Hellenistic tomb. Kratkie Soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii = Brief Commun Inst Archaeol. 2026;282:309-324. doi 10.25681\/IARAS.0130-2620.282.309-324 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saag L., Utevska O., Zadnikov S., Shramko I., Gorbenko K., Bandrivskyi M., Pavliv D., \u2026 Barrington C., Gilardet A., Macleod R., Skoglund P., Thomas M.G. North Pontic crossroads: mobility in Ukraine from the Bronze Age to the early modern period. Sci Adv. 2025;11(2):eadr0695. doi 10.1126\/sciadv.adr0695","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr0695"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Sazanov A.V., Mogarichev Yu.M. The Bosporus and the Khazar Khaganate in the late 7th\u2013early 8th centuries. In: Zhuravlev D.V., Lomtadze G.A. (Eds) Northern Black Sea Region in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Moscow, 2006;117-129 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Schiffels S. stschiff\/sequenceTools. 2025. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/stschiff\/sequencetools"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nherr S., Weissensteiner H., Kronenberg F., Forer L. Haplogrep 3 \u2013 an interactive haplogroup classification and analysis platform. Nu cleic Acids Res. 2023;51(W1):W263-W268. doi 10.1093\/nar gkad284","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad284"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert M., Ginolhac A., Lindgreen S., Thompson J.F., Al-Rasheid K.A., Willerslev E., Krogh A., Orlando L. Improving ancient DNA read mapping against modern reference genomes. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:178. doi 10.1186\/1471-2164-13-178","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-178"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert M., Lindgreen S., Orlando L. AdapterRemoval v2: rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:88. doi 10.1186\/s13104-016-1900-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1900-2"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"Semenov I.G. The Romanovka burial and Don region sites of the preSaltovo culture of the Khazar period. In: Problems of Chrono logy of Archaeological Sites of the Steppe Zone of the North Caucasus. Rostov-on-Don, 1983;98-102 (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorvaldsd\u00f3ttir H., Robinson J.T., Mesirov J.P. Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration. Brief Bioinform. 2013;14(2):178-192. doi 10.1093\/bib\/bbs017","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs017"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Oven M., Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat. 2009; 30(2):E386-E394. doi 10.1002\/humu.20921","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20921"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"YFull [WWW Document] 2025. URL: https:\/\/www.yfull.com\/ (accessed 12.01.25)"}],"container-title":["Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/vavilov.elpub.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/5230\/2124","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T10:31:22Z","timestamp":1788085882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/vavilov.elpub.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/5230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18699\/vjgb-26-77","relation":{},"ISSN":["2500-3259"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2500-3259","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}