{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1740176544306,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Korean Rhinologic Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["j-rhinology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Retinoids are naturally occurring vitamin A derivatives that regulate cellular processes and metabolism. In particular, retinoids play a key role in cellular proliferation by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RAR)-alpha, beta, and gamma. Considering the functional role of nasal mucosa where active cell regeneration occurs, RAR may play a role in tissue remodeling of the human nasal mucosa.Methods: In this study, we investigated the expression and distribution pattern of RAR using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot in normal ethmoid mucosa (NE), chronic rhinosinusitis (IE) and polyp (P).Results: IE and P samples showed higher expression levels of RAR in RT-PCR and Western blot than NE samples. RAR reactivity was also observed in the NE group, which indicates that cell regeneration also occurs in normal condition. Through IHC, we found the localization of RAR. RAR-\u03b1 was distributed in the epithelial cells, submucosal glands, and endothelial cells. RAR-\u03b2 was located in the basal epithelium, while RAR-\u03b3 was present in goblet cells and submucosal glands. The staining intensity of RAR-\u03b1, \u03b2 and \u03b3 was higher than that in the NE group. Especially in the P group, RARs were abundantly distributed in the stalks of polyps.Conclusion: The stalk region contains a lot of collagen and fibroblasts to support polyp formation, and the greater amount of RAR in the stalk suggested that RARs may be associated with angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Accordingly, elevated RAR levels in chronic rhinosinusitis could indicate that RARs play a critical role in cell regeneration, angiogenesis and immunomodulation under inflammatory conditions in the human nasal mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18787\/jr.2021.00389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T02:02:46Z","timestamp":1644804166000},"page":"26-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18787\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expression and Distribution Pattern of Retinoic Acid Receptors in the Nasal Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.18787","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1907-0178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiwon","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7362-6798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tae Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-6248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Munsoo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-2707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang Hag","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-654X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7989","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2011.11.001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.081"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0900"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600585795"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.10.007"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"428","volume-title":"A limited role for retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors RAR alpha and RAR beta in regulating keratin 19 expression and keratinization in oral and epidermal keratinocytes","author":"Sch\u00f6n","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1972","volume-title":"Expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta sensitizes prostate cancer cells to growth inhibition mediated by combinations of retinoids and a 19-nor hexafluoride vitamin D3 analog","author":"Campbell","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Current understanding of nasal epithelial cell mis-differentiation","author":"Scherzad","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01226.x"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Tissue remodelling in chronic rhinosinusitis - review of literature","author":"Radajewski","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Regeneration of epithelial cells of the maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis","author":"Fukazawa","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Paranasal sinus mucosal regeneration: the effect of topical retinoic acid","author":"Maccabee","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"83","volume-title":"","author":"Kim","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Retinoic acid and cancer treatment","author":"Chen","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) \u03b1 protein in the synovial membrane from patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","author":"A","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Angiogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and in antrochoanal polyps","author":"Hirshoren","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1158","volume-title":"Investigation of angiogenetic pathways in nasal polyposis","author":"Karatzanis","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"3383","volume-title":"Effect of bevacizumab on growth of human nasal polyposis in vitro; an off-label use of anti-angiogenic agent for nasal polyposis treatment","author":"Nemati","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Eosinophils correlate with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","author":"Wang","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Rhinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/j-rhinology.org\/upload\/pdf\/jr-2021-00389.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/j-rhinology.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.18787\/jr.2021.00389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/j-rhinology.org\/upload\/pdf\/jr-2021-00389.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T08:01:30Z","timestamp":1648454490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/j-rhinology.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.18787\/jr.2021.00389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18787\/jr.2021.00389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2384-4361"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2384-4361"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}