{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:29:19Z","timestamp":1787023759186,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ethnicity and Disease Inc","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethn Dis"],"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: <\/strong>To examine the association between\u00a0patient race\/ethnicity, insurance status,\u00a0and their interaction with patient safety\u00a0indicators among hospitalized patients.\u00a0<strong><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Methods: <\/strong>Cross-sectional study was\u00a0conducted. Data were extracted from the\u00a02009 National Inpatient Sample. A total of\u00a03,052,268 patient safety indicator-related\u00a0discharges were identified. Dependent variables\u00a0were 11 patient safety indicators (PSI)\u00a0whereas independent variables included\u00a0race\/ethnicity and insurance status.\u00a0<strong><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Results: <\/strong>As compared with White patients,\u00a0African American patients were more\u00a0likely to experience pressure ulcer, postoperative\u00a0hemorrhage or hematoma, and\u00a0post-operative pulmonary embolism (PE) or\u00a0deep vein thrombosis (DVE); Asian\/Pacific\u00a0Islander patients were more likely to experience\u00a0pressure ulcer, post-operative PE or\u00a0DVT, and two obstetric care PSIs; whereas\u00a0Hispanic\/Latino patients were more likely to\u00a0experience post-operative physiometabolic\u00a0derangement and accidental puncture\/\u00a0laceration. As compared with patients with\u00a0private insurance, Medicaid patients were\u00a0more likely to experience pressure ulcer,\u00a0post-operative physiological metabolic\u00a0derangement, post-operative PE or DVT,\u00a0post-operative respiratory failure, post-operative\u00a0wound dehiscence, and death among\u00a0surgeries. However, both obstetric care PSIs\u00a0showed that African Americans, Hispanics,\u00a0and uninsured patients were less likely to\u00a0incur them in comparison with their respective\u00a0counterparts. Furthermore, strong interactive\u00a0effects between African American\u00a0and Medicaid on PSIs were detected.\u00a0<strong><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Conclusions: <\/strong>Although mixed findings in\u00a0disparities in PSIs were observed in our\u00a0study, Asian\/Pacific Islander patients and\u00a0Medicaid patients seem to be the most vulnerable.\u00a0Further, interactive effects between\u00a0African American and Medicaid indicate\u00a0that poverty may be a key factor related to\u00a0disparities in health care. Future research\u00a0is merited to identify underlying factors\u00a0that are related to PSIs among Asian\/Pacific\u00a0Islander patients. Strategies are needed to\u00a0improve PSIs among Medicaid patients,\u00a0especially during the current Medicaid program\u00a0expansion due to the implementation\u00a0of the Affordable Care Act. <em>Ethn Dis. <\/em>2016;\u00a026(3):443-452; doi:10.18865\/ed.26.3.443\u00a0<\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.26.3.443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T09:22:25Z","timestamp":1469006545000},"page":"443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Racial and Insurance Status Disparities in Patient Safety Indicators among Hospitalized Patients"],"prefix":"10.18865","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jay J.","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Mazurenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guogen","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Mukalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Neishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18154","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"container-title":["Ethnicity & Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/viewFile\/558\/651","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/viewFile\/558\/717","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/download\/558\/651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T12:42:16Z","timestamp":1552048936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/view\/558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18865\/ed.26.3.443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-0826","1049-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-0826","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1049-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]}}}