{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:56:41Z","timestamp":1791928601475,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ethnicity and Disease Inc","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethn Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: African Americans and other persons of African descent in the United States are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Discrimi\u00adnation is associated with higher CVD risk among US adults; however, this relationship is unknown among African immigrants.Objective: To examine the associations among discrimination, resilience, and CVD risk in African immigrants.Methods: The African Immigrant Health Study was a cross-sectional study of African immigrants in Baltimore-Washington, DC, with recruitment and data collection taking place between June 2017 and April 2019. The main outcome was elevated CVD risk, the presence of \u22653 CVD risk factors includ\u00ading hypertension, diabetes, high choles\u00adterol, overweight\/obesity, tobacco use, and poor diet. The secondary outcomes were these six individual CVD risk factors. The exposure was discrimination measured with the Everyday Discrimination Scale; summed scores \u22652 on each item indicated frequent experiences of discrimination. Resilience was assessed with the 10-item Connor- Davidson resilience scale. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds of elevated CVD risk, adjusting for relevant covariates.Results: We included 342 participants; 61% were females. The mean (\u00b1SD) age was 47(\u00b111) years, 61% had at least a bachelor\u2019s degree, 18% had an income &lt;$40,000, and 49% had lived in the US \u226515 years. Persons with frequent experi\u00adences of discrimination were 1.82 times (95%CI: 1.04\u20133.21) more likely to have elevated CVD risk than those with fewer experiences. Resilience did not moderate the relationship between CVD risk and discrimination.Conclusion: African immigrants with frequent experiences of discrimination were more likely to have elevated CVD risk. Tar\u00adgeted and culturally appropriate interven\u00adtions are needed to reduce the high burden of CVD risk in this population. Health care providers should be aware of discrimina\u00adtion as a meaningful social determinant of CVD risk. At the societal level, policies and laws are needed to reduce the occurrence of discrimination among African immi\u00adgrants and racial\/ethnic minorities. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):651-660;doi:10.18865\/ed.30.4.651<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.30.4.651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T16:00:13Z","timestamp":1600963213000},"page":"651-660","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Discrimination Is Associated with Elevated Cardiovascular Disease Risk among African Immigrants in the African Immigrant Health Study"],"prefix":"10.18865","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth-Alma N.","family":"Turkson-Ocran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Szanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8854-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherita H.","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rexford S.","family":"Ahima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Commodore-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18154","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"container-title":["Ethnicity &amp; Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/viewFile\/1364\/1973","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/viewFile\/1364\/2028","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/download\/1364\/1973","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T16:14:21Z","timestamp":1600964061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ethndis.org\/edonline\/index.php\/ethndis\/article\/view\/1364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18865\/ed.30.4.651","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-0826","1049-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-0826","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1049-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]}}}