{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:35:30Z","timestamp":1712795730188},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ethnicity and Disease Inc","issue":"2-3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes contribute primarily to noncommunicable disease deaths and together with human immunodeficiency virus contribute largely to mortality in South Africa. Our longitudinal study provides the necessary data and insights over a 10-year period to highlight the areas where improved management is required in urban and rural localities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study included 536 rural and 387 urban Black participants aged 32 to 93 years from the North-West province, South Africa. Disease prevalence, treatment, and control were determined in 2005 and were re-evaluated in 2015. Multiple measures analyses were used to determine the trends of blood pressure and waist circumference.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The initial prevalence of hypertension was 53.2%, obesity was 23.6%, hyperlipidemia was 5.1%, diabetes was 2.9%, and human immunodeficiency virus was 10.7% in 2005. By 2015, the rural population had higher rates of hypertension (63.7% versus 58.5%) and lower rates diabetes (4.3% versus 7.9%) and hyperlipidemia (6.6% versus 18.0%) with similar obesity rates (41.7% versus 42.4%). The average blood pressure levels of urban hypertensives decreased (Ptrend&amp;lt;.001), whereas levels were maintained in the rural group (Ptrend=.52). In both locations, treatment and control rates increased from 2005 to 2015 for all conditions (all \u22656.7%), except for diabetes in which a decrease in control was observed. Waist circumference increased (Ptrend&amp;gt;.001) in both sex and locality groups over the 10-year period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although average blood pressure of urban hypertensive individuals decreased, urgent measures focused on early identification, treatment, and control of the respective conditions should be implemented to decrease the burden of noncommunicable diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.33.2-3.108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T20:48:42Z","timestamp":1712782122000},"page":"108-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noncommunicable Disease Conditions and HIV in Rural and Urban South Africa: 2005-2015"],"prefix":"10.18865","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Leandi","family":"Lammertyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"},{"name":"2 MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"},{"name":"3 Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Klipstein-Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"4 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herculina S.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"},{"name":"5 Center of Excellence in Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iolanthe M.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6 Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla M. T.","family":"Fourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"},{"name":"2 MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"18154","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0644-7","article-title":"Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"25","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.403","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa compared to high-income countries: an epidemiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Yuyun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.19","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in Africa: epidemiological profile and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Keates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b04","first-page":"13519","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in South Africa","volume":"112","author":"Kamerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b05","article-title":"Mortality and Causes of Death in South Africa: Findings from Death Notification 2017","author":"Statistics South Africa"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2019-047","article-title":"Geographical influence on the distribution of the prevalence of hypertension in South Africa: a multilevel analysis","volume":"31","author":"Manda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-022-00281-2","article-title":"Assessment of prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and pre-diabetes in South Africa","volume":"41","author":"Grundlingh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187347","article-title":"Awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in rural South Africa: The HAALSI (Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa) study","volume":"12","author":"Reiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85154-0","article-title":"Modelling of HIV prevention and treatment progress in five South African metropolitan districts","volume":"11","author":"van Schalkwyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05173-6","article-title":"Vascular function and cardiovascular risk in a HIV infected and HIV free cohort of African ancestry: baseline profile, rationale and methods of the longitudinal EndoAfrica-NWU study","volume":"20","author":"Fourie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.04.019","article-title":"The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study: examining the impact of societal influences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries","volume":"158","author":"Teo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys106","article-title":"Are behavioural risk factors to be blamed for the conversion from optimal blood pressure to hypertensive status in Black South Africans? A 5-year prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Schutte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.11.2183","article-title":"Use of the Friedewald formula to estimate LDL-cholesterol in patients with chronic renal failure on dialysis","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b14","volume-title":"Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual","author":"Lohman","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b15","volume-title":"International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment","author":"Marfell-Jones","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b16","volume-title":"Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body Measurement for Sports and Health Courses","author":"Norton","year":"1996"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2014-062","article-title":"South African hypertension practice guideline 2014","volume":"25","author":"Seedat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b18","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Razana","year":"2017","journal-title":"JEMDSA"},{"issue":"11b","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i11.13383","article-title":"South African dyslipidaemia guideline consensus statement: 2018 update. A joint statement from the South African Heart Association (SA Heart) and the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Society of Southern Africa (LASSA)","volume":"108","author":"Klug","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328364ca4c","article-title":"2013 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): ESH\/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Mancia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S005","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"38","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"17","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00347-6","article-title":"European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice","volume":"24","author":"De Backer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b23","article-title":"Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008","author":"World Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.069005","article-title":"Added sugar intake in South Africa: findings from the Adult Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Vorster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8 Pt 2","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b25","first-page":"683","article-title":"Estimating the burden of disease attributable to excess body weight in South Africa in 2000","volume":"97","author":"Joubert","year":"2007","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v13i1.156","article-title":"Access to antiretroviral treatment in South Africa, 2004-2011","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"S Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001445","article-title":"The ART advantage: healthcare utilization for diabetes and hypertension in rural South Africa","volume":"75","author":"Manne-Goehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00387-3","article-title":"Treatment outcomes among adults with HIV\/non-communicable disease multimorbidity attending integrated care clubs in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Gausi","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b29","article-title":"South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016","author":"National Department of Health and ICF"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-11-31","article-title":"Differences in health care seeking behaviour between rural and urban communities in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"van der Hoeven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/20786190.2017.1307909","article-title":"Poor control and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus at an under-resourced South African hospital: is it a case of clinical inertia","volume":"59","author":"Govender","year":"2017","journal-title":"S Afr Family Prac"},{"key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9536025","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9536025","article-title":"Treatment gaps found in the management of type 2 diabetes at a community health centre in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"2017","author":"Pinchevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-0492-y","article-title":"Inequalities and factors associated with adherence to diabetes self-care practices amongst patients at two public hospitals in Gauteng, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Mutyambizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041020483321400_i1945-0826-33-2-108-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v12i1.2160","article-title":"Early detection, care and control of hypertension and diabetes in South Africa: a community-based approach","volume":"12","author":"Madela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"}],"container-title":["Ethnicity &amp; Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ethnicity-disease\/article-pdf\/33\/2-3\/108\/3356023\/i1945-0826-33-2-108.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ethnicity-disease\/article-pdf\/33\/2-3\/108\/3356023\/i1945-0826-33-2-108.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T20:49:01Z","timestamp":1712782141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ethnicity-disease\/article\/33\/2-3\/108\/499914\/Noncommunicable-Disease-Conditions-and-HIV-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18865\/ed.33.2-3.108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-0826","1049-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-0826","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1049-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}}}