{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:32:09Z","timestamp":1774467129948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"sp8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clear Lake is the site of the abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, active periodically from 1873 to 1957, resulting in \u223c100 Mg of mercury (Hg) being deposited into the lake's ecosystem. Concentrations of total (primarily inorganic) Hg (TotHg) in Clear Lake are some of the highest reported worldwide for sediments (up to 4.4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> ng\/g [ppb dry mass]) and water (up to 4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u03bcg\/L [= ppb]). However, the ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to TotHg at Clear Lake indicates that the methylation process is mostly decoupled from bulk inorganic Hg loading, with Hg in lower trophic level biota significantly less than anticipated compared with other Hg\u2010contaminated sites worldwide. This may be due to several factors, including: (1) reduced bioavailability of Hg derived from the mine (i.e., cinnabar, metacinnabar, and corderoite), (2) the alkaline nature of the lake water, (3) the shallow depth of the lake, which prevents stratification and subsequent methylation in a stratified hypolimnion, and (4) possible dilution of MeHg by a highly productive system. However, while bulk inorganic Hg loading to the lake may not contribute significantly to the bioaccumulation of Hg, acid mine drainage (AMD) from the mine likely promotes Hg methylation by sulfate\u2010reducing and iron\u2010reducing bacteria, making AMD a vehicle for the production of highly bioavailable Hg. If Clear Lake were deeper, less productive, or less alkaline, biota would likely contain much more MeHg than they do presently. Comparisons of MeHg:TotHg ratios in sediments, water, and biota from sites worldwide suggest that the highest production of MeHg may be found at sites influenced by chloralkali plants, followed by sites influenced by gold and silver mines, with the lowest production of MeHg observed at cinnabar and metacinnabar Hg mines. These data also suggest that the total maximum daily load (TMDL) process for Hg at Clear Lake, as currently implemented to reduce contamination in fishes for the protection of wildlife and humans, may be flawed because the metric used to implement Hg load reduction (i.e., TotHg) is not directly proportional to the critical form of Hg that is being bioaccumulated (i.e., MeHg).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1649.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T21:02:16Z","timestamp":1232571736000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["IS CLEAR LAKE METHYLMERCURY DISTRIBUTION DECOUPLED FROM BULK MERCURY LOADING"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Suchanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collin A.","family":"Eagles-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. James","family":"Harner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620151202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02393863"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00580-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189747"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Biogeochemistry of environmentally important trace elements. Symposium Series 835","author":"Benoit J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es001415n"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620151203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f89-147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160050432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(83)90069-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)01550-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"677","article-title":"Mercury pathways in the Carson River-Lahontan Reservoir system, Nevada.","volume":"15","author":"Bonzongo J. C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024561830113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Abatement and control study: Sulphur Bank Mine and Clear Lake","author":"Chamberlin C. E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.2.498-502.1985","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria\u2014principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediment.","volume":"50","author":"Compeau G.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Applied Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Shallow and deep lakes: determining successful management options.","volume":"21","author":"Cooke G. D.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lakeline"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00132a008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Regional mercury assessment","author":"CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board].","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Clear Lake TMDL for Mercury Numeric Target Report: Staff Report","author":"CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board].","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Clear Lake TMDL for Mercury. Staff Report. Final Report","author":"CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board].","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","volume-title":"Amendments to the water quality control plan for the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River Basins for the control of mercury in Clear Lake (Lake County). Staff report and functionally equivalent document. Final Report","author":"CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board].","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00025a009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620091208","article-title":"Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: the role of acid volatile sulfide.","volume":"9","author":"Di Toro D. M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189700"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00052a003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1476.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.457-464.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(85)90080-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(87)90074-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(91)90031-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00579-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620090710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024017329382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.7.1653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189701"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(93)80364-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00572-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00553-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380490492485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f86-232"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Inland Waters and Lake Restoration","author":"Jackson T. A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Methyl mercury formation and distribution in a polluted river\u2013lake system: the effect of environmental variables, and implications for biological uptake and lake restoration.","volume":"21","author":"Jackson T. A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Internationale Vereinigung f\u00fcr theoretische und angewandte Limnologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es026366o"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00640-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(96)01964-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","volume-title":"Sulfate reduction and mercury methylation potential in the sediments of Clear Lake (CA)","author":"Mack E. E.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Metal ions in biological systems. Volume 34. Mercury and its effect on environment and biology","author":"Meili M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005967413585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f89-270"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.1021\/es980343l","article-title":"Louis. 1998. Increases in total and methylmercury in zooplankton following flooding of a peatland reservoir.","volume":"32","author":"Paterson M. J.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072531099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-340"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","volume-title":"Onondaga Lake RI\/FS bioaccumulation investigation data report","author":"PTI.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","volume-title":"Clean lakes diagnostic\/feasibility study for Clear Lake, California","author":"Richerson P. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1458.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397188"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1617.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es049895w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199110000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1497.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00630-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189735"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00081a015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.54.8.2003-2009.1988","article-title":"Effect of acidification on mercury methylation, demethylation, and volatilization in sediments from an acid-susceptible lake.","volume":"54","author":"Steffan R. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Applied Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","volume-title":"Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters","author":"Strumm W.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","article-title":"A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California.","author":"Suchanek T. H.","journal-title":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1477.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1485.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1900.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004980026183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Proceedings: assessing and managing mercury from historic and current mining activities, 28 November 2000","author":"Suchanek T. H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006414332331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","first-page":"1239","volume-title":"Managing for healthy ecosystems","author":"Suchanek T. H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0363.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00666262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20016491089226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","volume-title":"Methods for the chemical analysis of water and wastes","author":"U.S. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency].","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","volume-title":"Methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples","author":"U.S. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency].","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Mercury pollution: integration and synthesis","author":"Verta M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00228-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1992.37.6.1313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f95-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1995.40.3.0556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780849388897.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","author":"Wiener J. G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620090705"}],"container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1890%2F06-1649.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1890\/06-1649.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:57:38Z","timestamp":1694739458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1890\/06-1649.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"sp8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1890\/06-1649.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/06-1649.1","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-0761","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-5582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}}}