{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:02:20Z","timestamp":1791108140096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For animals living in natural or semi\u2010natural settings, empirical data on how sociality changes in response to increasing population density are few, especially with respect to true conspecific density and not group size. However, insight into this line of research may be far\u2010reaching\u2014from understanding density dependence in sexual selection to improving models of disease transmission. Using elk (<jats:italic><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cervus elaphus<\/jats:named-content><\/jats:italic>Linnaeus) held in enclosures, we conducted sex\u2010stratified experiments to test how the frequency of dyadic pairings (interaction rate) and their quality (duration) responded to manipulations in exposure to density. Using proximity\u2010logging radio collars we recorded when and for how long individuals shared a space within 1.4 m of each other. As predicted, males increased their interaction rate as density increased. Female interaction rates, however, increased initially as density increased but soon declined to become indistinguishable from rates at low density. Females interacted for longer periods at medium densities, whereas male interaction length clearly decreased as density increased. We highlight a sexually dichotomous, density\u2010dependent response in sociality that has yet to be reported. In addition to furthering our understanding of sociobiology (e.g., implications of time constraints presented by density on dyadic interactions), our results have implications for managing communicable disease in gregarious species of livestock and wildlife.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0020.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,9]],"date-time":"2012-03-09T14:44:02Z","timestamp":1331304242000},"page":"206-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Sex\u2010based differences in density\u2010dependent sociality: an experiment with a gregarious ungulate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Vander Wal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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