{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:59:34Z","timestamp":1792857574890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose an integrated sampling, rarefaction, and extrapolation methodology to compare species richness of a set of communities based on samples of equal completeness (as measured by sample coverage) instead of equal size. Traditional rarefaction or extrapolation to equal\u2010sized samples can misrepresent the relationships between the richnesses of the communities being compared because a sample of a given size may be sufficient to fully characterize the lower diversity community, but insufficient to characterize the richer community. Thus, the traditional method systematically biases the degree of differences between community richnesses. We derived a new analytic method for seamless coverage\u2010based rarefaction and extrapolation. We show that this method yields less biased comparisons of richness between communities, and manages this with less total sampling effort. When this approach is integrated with an adaptive coverage\u2010based stopping rule during sampling, samples may be compared directly without rarefaction, so no extra data is taken and none is thrown away. Even if this stopping rule is not used during data collection, coverage\u2010based rarefaction throws away less data than traditional size\u2010based rarefaction, and more efficiently finds the correct ranking of communities according to their true richnesses. Several hypothetical and real examples demonstrate these advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1952.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T17:00:47Z","timestamp":1340816447000},"page":"2533-2547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2023,"title":["Coverage\u2010based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lou","family":"Jost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"507","article-title":"A deconstruction of Sepkoski's Phanerozoic marine evolutionary faunas based on new diversity estimates","author":"Alroy J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geological Society of America abstracts with programs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2010.01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189910"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[3048:TEEAES]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1998.10474118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2290733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Non-parametric estimation of the number of classes in a population","volume":"11","author":"Chao A","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"7907","article-title":"Species estimation and applications","author":"Chao A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of statistical sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-2147.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1992.10475194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"A generalized Good's nonparametric coverage estimator","volume":"16","author":"Chao A","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Mathematics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/108571104X3262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Chao A. andT. 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