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When combined with continuous, algorithm\u2010based analytical capability, unique opportunities emerge for applied ecological monitoring and wildlife conservation. We present here four broad approaches for algorithmic wildlife monitoring in real time\u2014proximity, geofencing, movement rate, and immobility\u2014designed to examine aspects of wildlife spatial activity and behavior not possible with conventional tracking systems. Application of these four routines to the real\u2010time monitoring of 94 African elephants was made. We also provide details of our cloud\u2010based monitoring system including infrastructure, data collection, and customized software for continuous tracking data analysis. We also highlight future directions of real\u2010time collection and analysis of biological, physiological, and environmental information from wildlife to encourage further development of needed algorithms and monitoring technology. Real\u2010time processing of remotely collected, animal biospatial data promises to open novel directions in ecological research, applied species monitoring, conservation programs, and public outreach and education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1890\/13-1971.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T20:28:51Z","timestamp":1401308931000},"page":"593-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Novel opportunities for wildlife conservation and research with real\u2010time monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Wall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Wittemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Klinkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Douglas-Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2192\/1537-6176(2005)016[0047:DBADSS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Real-time moose tracking: an internet based mapping application using gps\/gsm-collars in Sweden","volume":"40","author":"Dettki H","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801737105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/220390a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589815"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-013-1356-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps337255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0947.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/57ad0b82-87c4-472d-b90b-b9c6f84947f8","article-title":"Near-real-time acoustic monitoring of beaked whales and other cetaceans using a Seaglider (TM)","volume":"7","author":"Klinck H","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2008-294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[315:EIOWED]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Numerical ecology. 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