{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:16:25Z","timestamp":1787238985134,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490659200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":239,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007516","name":"National Park Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB\u20100613730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB\u20100613730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB\u20101245373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB\u20101245373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Parasites, by definition, extract energy from their hosts and thus affect trophic and food web dynamics even when the parasite may have limited effects on host population size. We studied the energetic costs of mange (\n                    <jats:italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in wolves (\n                    <jats:italic>Canis lupus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) using thermal cameras to estimate heat losses associated with compromised insulation during the winter. We combined the field data of known, naturally infected wolves with a data set on captive wolves with shaved patches of fur as a positive control to simulate mange\u2010induced hair loss. We predict that during the winter in Montana, more severe mange infection increases heat loss by around 5.2\u201312\u00a0MJ per night (1,240\u20132,850\u00a0kcal, or a 65\u201378% increase) for small and large wolves, respectively, accounting for wind effects. To maintain body temperature would require a significant proportion of a healthy wolf's total daily energy demands (18\u201322\u00a0MJ\/day). We also predict how these thermal costs may increase in colder climates by comparing our predictions in Bozeman, Montana to those from a place with lower ambient temperatures (Fairbanks, Alaska). Contrary to our expectations, the 14\u00b0C differential between these regions was not as important as the potential differences in wind speed. These large increases in energetic demands can be mitigated by either increasing consumption rates or decreasing other energy demands. Data from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010collared wolves indicated that healthy wolves move, on average, 17 km per day, which was reduced by 1.5, 1.8, and 6.5\u00a0km for light, medium, and severe hair loss. In addition, the wolf with the most hair loss was less active at night and more active during the day, which is the converse of the movement patterns of healthy wolves. At the individual level, mange infections create significant energy demands and altered behavioral patterns, this may have cascading effects on prey consumption rates, food web dynamics, predator\u2010prey interactions, and scavenger communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1890\/15-1346.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]],"date-time":"2016-05-25T11:10:21Z","timestamp":1464174621000},"page":"1938-1948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Energetic costs of mange in wolves estimated from infrared thermography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"P. C.","family":"Cross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center  2327 University Way, Suite 2 Bozeman Montana 59715 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. S.","family":"Almberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center  2327 University Way, Suite 2 Bozeman Montana 59715 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. G.","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Florida  Gainesville Florida 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone Wolf Project  Yellowstone National Park Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Munn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Wollongong  Northfields Avenue Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NWB Sensors, Inc.  Bozeman Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Putzeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biological Engineering Department Montana State University  Bozeman Montana 59717 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Stahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone Wolf Project  Yellowstone National Park Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department  Pinedale Wyoming 82941 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone Wolf Project  Yellowstone National Park Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00248-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Bates D. M. M.Maechler B. M.Bolker andS. 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