{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:09:56Z","timestamp":1782626996169,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]],"date-time":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The population densities of many organisms have changed dramatically in recent history. Increases in the population density of medically relevant organisms are of particular importance to public health as they are often correlated with the emergence of infectious diseases in human populations. Our aim is to delineate increases in density of a common disease vector in North America, the blacklegged tick, and to identify the environmental factors correlated with these population dynamics. Empirical data that capture the growth of a population are often necessary to identify environmental factors associated with these dynamics. We analyzed temporally\u2010 and spatially\u2010structured field collected data in a geographical information systems framework to describe the population growth of blacklegged ticks (<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>) and to identify environmental and climatic factors correlated with these dynamics. The density of the ticks increased throughout the study's temporal and spatial ranges. Tick density increases were positively correlated with mild temperatures, low precipitation, low forest cover, and high urbanization. Importantly, models that accounted for these environmental factors accurately forecast future tick densities across the region. Tick density increased annually along the south\u2010to\u2010north gradient. These trends parallel the increases in human incidences of diseases commonly vectored by <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>. For example, <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic> densities are correlated with human Lyme disease incidence, albeit in a non\u2010linear manner that disappears at low tick densities, potentially indicating that a threshold tick density is needed to support epidemiologically\u2010relevant levels of the Lyme disease bacterium. Our results demonstrate a connection between the biogeography of this species and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1890\/es12-00134.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]],"date-time":"2012-10-03T17:59:17Z","timestamp":1349287157000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Geographical and environmental factors driving the increase in the Lyme disease vector <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Camilo E.","family":"Khatchikian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Prusinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Bryon","family":"Backenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ing-Nang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Z.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Brisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"The Bonferroni and Sidak corrections for multiple comparisons","author":"Abdi H","year":"2007","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of measurement and statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.4.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.597"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0251-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10256"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","author":"Burnham K. P","year":"2002","journal-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2006)31[364:APEFAP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2335012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2684359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.12.4663-4669.1998","article-title":"Geographic risk for Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York state","volume":"64","author":"Daniels T. J","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201200008X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110635"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01197925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0803.010166"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0287-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2009.05890.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Host-seeking activity of ixodid ticks in relation to weather variables","volume":"28","author":"Hub\u00e1lek Z","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-010-9721-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-010-9359-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2010.00935.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2005.13551.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.2.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.47.091201.145206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Altitudinal distribution limit of the tick Ixodes ricinus shifted considerably towards higher altitudes in Central Europe: results of three years monitoring in the Krkonose Mts. (Czech Republic)","volume":"13","author":"Materna J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","author":"McGarigal K","year":"2002","journal-title":"FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2284278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","author":"Neter J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Applied linear regression models. Third edition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00021.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.622"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)43[924:POBBIS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v68i1.18295"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.3.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008","journal-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01224-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3800(95)00152-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","author":"SAS","year":"2007","journal-title":"JMP. Version 7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","author":"SPSS","year":"2008","journal-title":"SSPS. Version 13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9335-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","volume-title":"Regression models for count data in R","author":"Zeileis A","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Ecosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1890%2FES12-00134.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1890\/ES12-00134.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T15:57:28Z","timestamp":1698767848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1890\/ES12-00134.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1890\/ES12-00134.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/es12-00134.1","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-8925","2150-8925"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-8925","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-8925","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}}}