{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:20:20Z","timestamp":1760984420137},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatal Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to safely and efficiently feed by mouth is based on oral-motor competence, neurobehavioral organization, and gastrointestinal maturity. Although most infants successfully make the transition to oral feedings as they approach term gestation, infants who were very immature at birth have historically had the most difficulty achieving this milestone. Postnatal complications (chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage, seizures, and so on) are also associated with delays in the onset of the first feeding, as well as with delays in achieving full enteral intake.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Weaning the infant to breast is a slow and gradual process that may necessitate supplemental gavage or bottle feedings. A variety of measures\u2014such as positioning, containment, reduced milk flow, and imposed rest breaks\u2014may help to facilitate better oral intake, but infants probably benefit most from the passage of time. Frequently, the older the infant is at first feeding, the shorter the time required to make the transition to full oral feedings. Rather than attempting to accelerate the inherent maturational processes that form the basis for oral feeding, efforts might better be spent in providing adequate nutritional support while avoiding unnecessary stress and fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.20.3.7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,8]],"date-time":"2012-05-08T07:43:17Z","timestamp":1336462997000},"page":"7-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["From Gavage to Oral Feedings: Just a Matter of Time"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Lemons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02620.x","article-title":"Transition time to full nipple feeding for premature infants with a history of lung disease","volume":"27","author":"K Pridham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.1.19","article-title":"Reduction of neonatal mortality after multiple doses of bovine surfactant in low birth weight neonates with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"88","author":"EA Liechty","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30058-7","article-title":"The use of human milk and breastfeeding in premature infants","volume":"26","author":"RJ Schanler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinics in Perinatology"},{"key":"4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Anatomy, embryology, and physiology","volume-title":"In Pediatric Swallowing and Feeding: Assessment and Management","author":"J Arvedson","year":"1993"},{"key":"5","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Oral Sensations and Perceptions.","author":"JF. Bosma","year":"1972"},{"issue":"4","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040996","article-title":"Dysphagia in pediatric patients with neurologic damage","volume":"16","author":"JC. Arvedson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Seminars in Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"7","first-page":"195","article-title":"Neonatal sucking behaviors","volume":"27","author":"B Medoff-Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91357-G","article-title":"Validity of postnatal assessments of gestational age: A comparison of the method of Ballard JL, et al. and early ultrasonography","volume":"166","author":"GR Alexander","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829009011980","article-title":"Coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing in the newborn: Its relationship to infant feeding and normal development","volume":"25","author":"WE Selley","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Disorders of Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199605000-00002","article-title":"Effects of nonnutritive sucking on behavioral organization and feeding performance in preterm infants","volume":"45","author":"RH Pickler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14798.x","article-title":"Developmental patterns of normal nutritive sucking in infants","volume":"33","author":"JS McGowan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.18.3.15","article-title":"Nipple feeding preterm infants: An individualized, developmentally supportive approach","volume":"18","author":"CS. Shaker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08427.x","article-title":"Development of coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing","volume":"32","author":"F Bullock","year":"1990","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(69)80224-6","article-title":"Intrauterine growth of live born Caucasian infants at sea level: Standards obtained from measurements in seven dimensions of infants born 25\u201344 weeks gestation","volume":"74","author":"RM Usher","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(97)80062-6","article-title":"The role of relationship-based developmentally supportive newborn intensive care in strengthening outcome of preterm infants","volume":"21","author":"H Als","year":"1997","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2307\/1131844","article-title":"Vagal regulation of heart rate in the prediction of developmental outcome for very low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"68","author":"JA Doussard-Roosevelt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"11","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01034.x","article-title":"Non-nutritive sucking in full-term and preterm infants studied at term conceptional age","volume":"88","author":"C Lundqvist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"18","first-page":"3","article-title":"Concepts in gastrointestinal development","volume-title":"In Human Gastrointestinal Development","author":"E. Lebenthal","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.1.F29","article-title":"Randomized controlled study of clinical outcome following trophic feedings","volume":"82","author":"RJ McClure","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.2.209","article-title":"Gastrointestinal maturation and motility patterns as indicators for feeding the premature infant","volume":"95","author":"E. Lebenthal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"21","first-page":"43","article-title":"Behavioral state activity during nipple feedings for preterm infants","volume":"16","author":"GC. McCain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/J006v06n03_02","article-title":"A synactive model of neonatal behavioral organization: Framework for the assessment and support of the neurobehavioral development of the premature infant and his parents in the environment of the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"6","author":"H. Als","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(97)80061-4","article-title":"Medical outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"21","author":"AM. Dusick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199304000-00005","article-title":"Prediction of the development of low birth weight preterm infants by a new neonatal medical index","volume":"14","author":"AF Korner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1997.tb02723.x","article-title":"Bottle-feeding histories of preterm infants","volume":"26","author":"RH Pickler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing"},{"issue":"8","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289903800802","article-title":"Feeding, medical factors, and developmental outcome in premature infants","volume":"38","author":"BH Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900227","article-title":"Detecting motor abnormalities in preterm infants","volume":"131","author":"CM Craig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1989.02150170090030","article-title":"Sucking and breathing patterns during breast- and bottle-feeding in term neonates: Effects of nutrient delivery and composition","volume":"143","author":"OP Mathew","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb09034.x","article-title":"Effects of bottle feeding and two different methods of gavage feeding on oxygenation and breathing patterns in preterm infants","volume":"86","author":"CF Poets","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"30","volume-title":"Feeding and Swallowing Disorders in Infancy","author":"LS Wolf","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4","key":"31","first-page":"461","article-title":"Oral feeding in low birth weight infants","volume":"130","author":"C Lau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1064075","article-title":"Common feeding problems in the intensive care nursery: Maturation, organization, evaluation, and management strategies","volume":"18","author":"JD Comrie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Seminars in Speech and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"33","first-page":"9","article-title":"Nippling management of the sick neonate in the NICU: The disorganized feeder","volume":"9","author":"KA. VandenBerg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"}],"container-title":["Neonatal Network"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1891\/0730-0832.20.3.7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T04:03:25Z","timestamp":1642219405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/connect.springerpub.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1891\/0730-0832.20.3.7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1891\/0730-0832.20.3.7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0730-0832.20.3.7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0832","1539-2880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0832","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-2880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]}}}