{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:20:10Z","timestamp":1780330810644,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatal Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the cessation of normal eye development and subsequent abnormal vessel growth that occurs exclusively in premature infants. ROP was first discovered in the 1940s and was for two decades the leading cause of blindness in children. Currently, the disease causes about 500 new cases of blindness per year. The severity of the disease increases with decreasing gestational age. The pathogenesis of ROP involves disruption of normal retinal vascularization. Vessel endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and oxygen play important roles in its development. ROP is classified using an international classification system that provides direction for screening and treatment of premature infants. Examinations are performed by ophthalmologists, who identify the scope of vascularization, the degree of abnormal vessel growth, and the amount of the eye that is affected. Treatment modalities include cryosurgery and laser photocoagulation. Long-term outcomes include both structural and functional vision problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.26.6.371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]],"date-time":"2011-11-16T14:56:26Z","timestamp":1321455386000},"page":"371-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Retinopathy of Prematurity: The Disease Process, Classifications, Screening, Treatment, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sallie Nash","family":"Harrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra Huffman","family":"Brandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.23.2.31","article-title":"The discovery of retrolental fibroplasia and the role of oxygen: A historical review, 1942\u20131956.","volume":"23","author":"E. Reedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"National Eye Institute. (2006). Retinopathy of prematurity. Retrieved April 23, 2007, from <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.nei.nih.gov\/health\/rop\/index.asp'>http:\/\/www.nei.nih.gov\/health\/rop\/index.asp<\/a>"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.11.1563","article-title":"Nasotemporal asymmetry of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"121","author":"K. Gallagher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.18.2.31","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity in the 1990s.","volume":"18","author":"S. Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"Madan, S., & Good, W. V. (2005). Disorders of the eye. In W. H. Taeusch, R. A. Ballard, & C. A. Gleason (Eds.) <i>Avery's diseases of the newborn<\/i> (8th ed., pp. 1539\u20131555). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"6","first-page":"1201","article-title":"The effect of oxygen on vasoformative cell division: Evidence that \"physiological hypoxia\" is the stimulus for normal retinal vasculogenesis.","volume":"36","author":"T. Chan-Ling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-2756(03)00119-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"8","author":"L. Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Seminars in Neonatology"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101113998","article-title":"Low IGF-1 suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: Direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"98","author":"A. Hellstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.339","article-title":"Can changes in clinical practice decrease the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants?","volume":"111","author":"L. Chow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1095-1024","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"1","author":"T. Alon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Natural Medicine"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199709021522","article-title":"Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in vascular and non-vascular cells of the normal and oxygen-injured rat retina.","volume":"14","author":"S. Robbins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199809017487","article-title":"Evidence for upregulation and redistribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors flt-1 and flk-1 in the oxygen-injured rat retina.","volume":"16","author":"S. Robbins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"13","first-page":"281","article-title":"Transgenic mice with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the retina: A new model of intraretinal and subretinal neovascularization.","volume":"151","author":"N. Okamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140172010","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate.","volume":"114","author":"M. Tolentino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150606005","article-title":"Racial variation in retinopathy of prematurity: The Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group.","volume":"115","author":"R. Saunders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.73.1.82","article-title":"A reexamination of the role of oxygen in retrolental fibroplasia.","volume":"73","author":"F. Lucey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.9.1044","article-title":"Is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood related to the development of retinopathy of prematurity?","volume":"85","author":"B. Gellen","year":"2001","journal-title":"The British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.514","article-title":"The effect of blood transfusion protocol on retinopathy of prematurity: A prospective, randomized study.","volume":"104","author":"S. Brooks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.991","article-title":"The international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited.","volume":"123","author":"G. Gole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.12.1684","article-title":"Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: Results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial.","volume":"121","author":"W. Good","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2749","article-title":"Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"117","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.608","article-title":"Timing of initial screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"116","author":"A. Hutchinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.656","article-title":"Screening guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity: The need for revision in extremely low birth weight infants.","volume":"107","author":"M. Subhani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700031","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: Are we screening too many babies?","volume":"16","author":"M. Mathew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.9.1234","article-title":"Screening for retinopathy of prematurity using wide-field digital retinal imaging: Sensitivity and specificity.","volume":"120","author":"A. Fielder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.885-a","article-title":"Implications of the natural course of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"111","author":"E. Palmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.3.365","article-title":"Diode laser ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity: Short term structural outcome.","volume":"118","author":"M. DeJonge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060130517027","article-title":"Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of premautiry: Preliminary results.","volume":"106","year":"1988","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"29","first-page":"21","article-title":"Laser surgery for retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"14","author":"K. Hunsucker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.3.311","article-title":"15-year outcomes following threshold retinopathy of prematurity: Final results from the multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"123","author":"E. Palmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070120056029","article-title":"Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity: One year outcome\u2014structure and function.","volume":"108","year":"1990","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.19.1.21","article-title":"Lasers in medicine: Treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"19","author":"L. De Roo-Merritt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"issue":"1","key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adnc.2003.11.009","article-title":"A systematic review of anatomical and visual function outcomes in preterm infants after scleral buckle and vitrectomy for retinal detachment.","volume":"4","author":"L. Ertzbischoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Neonatal Care"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.1.54","article-title":"Retinal detachment with macular holes in infants with retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"123","author":"O. Ahmad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"Freedman, S. F. (2005). <i>Retinopathy of prematurity\u2014past, present, and future.<\/i> Unpublished manuscript. Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC."},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.3.406-a","article-title":"The evidence supporting the early treatment for type I retinopathy of prematurity needs further evaluation.","volume":"123","author":"E. Averbukh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.3.406-b","article-title":"Revised indications for early treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"121","author":"J. Vander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2006.04.010","article-title":"Lower oxygen saturation alarm limits decrease the severity of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"10","author":"D. Vanderveen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140419009","article-title":"Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by oxygen in a model of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"114","author":"E. Pierce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.8.1121","article-title":"STOP-ROP results suggest selective use of supplemental oxygen for prethreshold ROP.","volume":"118","author":"M. Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"Lloyd, J., Askie, L., Smith, J., & Tarnow-Mordi, W. (2007). Supplemental oxygen for the treatment of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews<\/i>, CD003482."},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70031-3","article-title":"Vitamin Eprophylaxis to reduce retinopathy of prematurity: A reappraisal of published trials.","volume":"131","author":"T. Raju","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20000301-06","article-title":"Relationship between serum inositol concentration and development of retinopathy of prematurity: A prospective study.","volume":"37","author":"C. Friedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211653","article-title":"D-Penicillamine administration and the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"27","author":"R. Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"15","key":"45","first-page":"26","article-title":"Line of sight.","volume":"7","author":"S. Keefe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advance for Nurses"}],"container-title":["Neonatal Network"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1891\/0730-0832.26.6.371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T19:31:47Z","timestamp":1639683107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/connect.springerpub.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1891\/0730-0832.26.6.371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1891\/0730-0832.26.6.371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0730-0832.26.6.371","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0832","1539-2880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0832","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-2880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}}}