{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:46:56Z","timestamp":1781279216013,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatal Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"Purpose\/Aims.<\/jats:bold>The primary aim of this study was to identify time periods of sound levels >45 decibels (dB) in a large Level III NICU. The second aim was to determine whether there were differences in decibel levels across the five bays of the NICU, the four quadrants within each bay, and two 12-hour shifts.<\/jats:p>Design.<\/jats:bold>A repeated measures design was used. Bay, quadrant, and shift were randomly selected for sampling. Staff and visitors were blinded to the location of the sound meter, which was placed in one of five identical wooden boxes and was preset to record for 12 hours.<\/jats:p>Sample.<\/jats:bold>Sound levels were recorded every 60 seconds over 40 12-hour periods, 20 during the day shift and 20 during the night shift. Total hours measured were 480. Data were collected every other day during a three-month period. Covariates of staffing, infant census, infant acuity, and medical equipment were collected.<\/jats:p>Main Outcome Variable.<\/jats:bold>The main outcome variable was sound levels in decibels, with units of measurement of energy equivalent sound level (Leq), peak instantaneous sound pressure level, and maximum sound pressure level during each interval for a total of 480 hours.<\/jats:p>Results.<\/jats:bold>All sound levels were >45 dB, with average readings ranging from 49.5 to 89.5 dB. The middle bay had the highest levels, with an Leq of 85.74 dB. Quadrants at the back of a bay were louder than quadrants at the front of a bay. The day shift had higher decibel levels than the night shift. Covariates did not differ across bays or shifts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.29.2.87","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]],"date-time":"2011-11-16T14:39:53Z","timestamp":1321454393000},"page":"87-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Variations of NICU Sound by Location and Time of Day"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sherry","family":"Matook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Salisbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.6.752","article-title":"Cognitive function in preterm infants: No simple answer.","volume":"289","author":"G. 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Als","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.846","article-title":"Early experience alters brain function and structure.","volume":"113","author":"H. Als","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ANC.0000324341.24841.6e","article-title":"A descriptive study of noise in the neonatal intensive care unit.","volume":"8","author":"A. Darcy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Neonatal Care"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199505000-00009","article-title":"Responses of premature infants to routine nursing interventions and noise in the NICU.","volume":"44","author":"L. Zahr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2004.04.013","article-title":"Effects of the neonatal intensive care unit on auditory attention and distraction.","volume":"31","author":"L. Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinics in Perinatology"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-5963(98)80013-4","article-title":"Environmental impact of the NICU on developmental outcomes.","volume":"13","author":"S. Blackburn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.21.1.35","article-title":"Noise in the intensive care nursery.","volume":"21","author":"N. Kellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"11","article-title":"Properties of sound.","volume":"20","author":"L. 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Retrieved September 15, 2009, from http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/\u223cnicudes\/index.html<\/a>"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2310\/7070.2002.34358","article-title":"Excessive noise levels in the neonatal ICU: Potential effects on auditory system development.","volume":"31","author":"W. Kent","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Otolaryngology"},{"issue":"6","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.24.6.33","article-title":"Elevated sound levels within a busy NICU.","volume":"24","author":"C. Krueger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"19","first-page":"249","article-title":"How the NICU environment sounds to a preterm infant.","volume":"14","author":"K. Thomas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Maternal-Child Nursing Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","first-page":"33","article-title":"Developmentally supportive care in a neonatal intensive care unit: A research utilization project","volume":"17","author":"K. Gray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2717500","article-title":"Noise in contemporary neonatal intensive care.","volume":"121","author":"A. Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2307\/1131571","article-title":"Maturation of human fetal responses to vibroacoustic stimulation.","volume":"63","author":"B. 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Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200446","article-title":"Fetal exposures to sound and vibroacoustic stimulation.","volume":"20","author":"K. Gerhardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.22.2.33","article-title":"Mean noise amounts in level II vs level III neonatal intensive care units.","volume":"22","author":"G. Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3418","article-title":"Noise and light exposure for extremely low birth weight newborns during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit.","volume":"123","author":"R. Lasky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"33","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using SPSS","author":"A. Field","year":"2009"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200605000-00038","article-title":"Project noise buster in the NICU.","volume":"106","author":"G. Thear","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American Journal of Nursing"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.26.4.213","article-title":"Effect of environmental changes on noise in the NICU.","volume":"26","author":"D. Brandon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatal Network"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1267","article-title":"Design of ICUs.","volume":"89","author":"R. White","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"37","first-page":"7","article-title":"New concepts, science, experiences drive innovation of designs: The changing face of the newborn ICU.","volume":"9","author":"R. 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