{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:20:46Z","timestamp":1784805646465,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cogn Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging research suggests that psychological inflexibility may be a factor contributing to the development and maintenance of insomnia. However, less is known about the potential cognitive pathways that may explain this relationship. In this study, we investigated the serial mediating effects of psychological inflexibility and daytime insomnia-related rumination on the association between dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS) and insomnia symptoms. The sample included 490 college students who underwent assessments at two time points over a 1-month period. The results of our mediational tests yielded significant indirect effects, supporting the prediction that psychological inflexibility and daytime insomnia rumination serially mediate the relationship between DBAS and insomnia. The study provides insights into potential mechanisms for insomnia, emphasizing the role of psychological inflexibility in perpetuating maladaptive cognitive processes associated with insomnia. Future researchers should explore other maladaptive responses to insomnia-related concerns and distress, such as worry and safety behaviors, and replicate findings in clinically elevated insomnia samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/jcp-2024-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T16:25:21Z","timestamp":1721147121000},"page":"22-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serial Mediation Analysis of Psychological Inflexibility and Daytime Insomnia Rumination in the Relationship Between Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep and Insomnia in College Students"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Guadalupe G.","family":"San Miguel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes G.","family":"Woolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demi","family":"Culianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Twohig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.1.136"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.2","first-page":"1537","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COTR.0000045562.17228.29"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.6","first-page":"1815","article-title":"Measuring acceptance of sleep difficulties: The development of the sleep problem acceptance questionnaire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480109596017"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.9.1155"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.9","first-page":"952","article-title":"Time and other considerations in mediation design","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.10","first-page":"567","article-title":"The relation between insomnia symptoms, mood, and rumination about insomnia symptoms","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459408986068"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135243"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2009.09.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.16","first-page":"134","article-title":"The development and validation of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.17","article-title":"\u201cThinking about thinking\u201d in insomnia disorder: The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia on sleep-related metacognition","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023242"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.19","first-page":"166","article-title":"Psychological flexibility as a malleable public health target: Evidence from a representative sample","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.20","first-page":"206","article-title":"How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.21","first-page":"16","article-title":"Identifying safety behaviors in insomnia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00061-4"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.23","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F . (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach . Guilford Press."},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.6.1152"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S62907","article-title":"Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature and Science of Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.27","first-page":"644","article-title":"Rethinking safety behaviors in insomnia: Examining the perceived utility of sleep-related safety behaviors","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002650"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.29","unstructured":"Jorgensen, T. D. , Pornprasertmanit, S. , Schoemann, A. M. , & Rosseel, Y . (2022). SemTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling . R package version 0.5-6. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=semTools"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.30","first-page":"829","article-title":"Understanding psychological flexibility: A multimethod exploration of pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.31","article-title":"Impact of psychological inflexibility on depressive symptoms and sleep difficulty in a Japanese sample","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.32","first-page":"155","article-title":"Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovibond, S. H. , & Lovibond, P. F . (1995). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS--21, DASS--42) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t01004-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t01004-000"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00150-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.35","first-page":"904","article-title":"Psychological flexibility may reduce insomnia in persons with chronic pain: A preliminary retrospective study","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.36","unstructured":"Morin, C. M . (1993). Insomnia: Pychological assessment and management . Guilford Press."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.37","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS): Validation of a brief version (DBAS-16)","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.39","article-title":"We know CBT-I works, now what","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faculty Reviews"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema, S. , & Morrow, J . (1991). Response styles questionnaire [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t03823-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t03823-000"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.42","first-page":"34","article-title":"A psychometric comparison of psychological inflexibility measures: Discriminant validity and item performance","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.08.001"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence and characteristics of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based interventions for insomnia: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized trials","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlis, M. L. , Smith, M. T. , Jungquist, C. R. , Nowakowski, S. , Orff, H. , & Soeffing, J . (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for Iinsomnia. In H. P. Attarian (Ed.), Clinical handbook of insomnia. Current clinical neurology . Humana Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-59259-662-1_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-662-1_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.46","first-page":"273","article-title":"Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in a US college sample","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.47","first-page":"705","article-title":"Clinical significance and cut-off scores for the pre-sleep arousal scale in chronic insomnia disorder: A replication in a clinical sample","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behavioral Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2175"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.05.009"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.50","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing . R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.51","first-page":"90","article-title":"It\u2019s all about the process: Examining the convergent validity, conceptual coverage, unique predictive validity, and clinical utility of ACT process measures","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116645905"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617715068"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.54","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the factor structure of the multidimensional psychological flexibility inventory: An independent replication and extension","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.55","article-title":"A predictive study between anxiety and fear of COVID-19 with psychological behavior response: The mediation role of perceived stress","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.09.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021215350856000_39.1.22.58","first-page":"551","article-title":"Safety behaviors and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep: Testing a cognitive model of the maintenance of insomnia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1891\/JCP-2024-0002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T23:35:57Z","timestamp":1739403357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/connect.springerpub.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1891\/JCP-2024-0002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1891\/JCP-2024-0002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/jcp-2024-0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8391","1938-887X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8391","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-887X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]}}}