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This article highlights the most common causes of neonatal conjunctivitis, reviews the pathophysiology and clinical presentation, and provides recommendations for both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. In addition, nursing implications for prevention, early recognition, and bedside management are discussed. A case study is included to enable readers to apply these concepts in a real-world context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/nn-2026-0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1790341219000},"page":"239-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ophthalmia Neonatorum: To Treat or Not to Treat?"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Meredith L.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystal","family":"Echavarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macy","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026092723150889000_45.4.239.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0208-5","article-title":"The natural process of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and effect of lacrimal sac massage","volume":"36","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092723150889000_45.4.239.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101448","article-title":"Neonatal healthcare-associated conjunctivitis: a descriptive study from Saudi Arabia","volume":"58","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"2026092723150889000_45.4.239.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frederick, DR . 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