{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:53:45Z","timestamp":1772164425094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Violence Vict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite equivocal findings on whether men or women are more violent, the negative impact of violence is greatest for women. To determine how gender asymmetry in perpetration affects women\u2019s health status, we conducted a study in two phases with 835 African American, Euro-American, and Mexican American low-income women in Project HOW: Health Outcomes of Women. In Phase 1, we used severity and frequency of women\u2019s and male partners\u2019 violence to create six groups: nonviolent (NV), uni-directional male (UM) perpetrator, uni-directional female (UF) perpetrator and, when both partners were violent, symmetrical (SYM), male primary perpetrator (MPP), and female primary perpetrator (FPP). The MPP group sustained the most threats, violence, sexual aggression, and psychological abuse. They also reported the most fear. Injury was highest in the MPP and FPP groups. In Phase 2, we examined group differences in women\u2019s health status over time for 535 participants, who completed five annual interviews. Surprisingly, women\u2019s health in the MPP and FPP violence groups was similar and generally worse than if violence was uni-directional.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.20.3.335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]],"date-time":"2005-09-12T15:00:35Z","timestamp":1126537235000},"page":"335-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Physical and Mental Health Outcomes of Women in Nonviolent, Unilaterally Violent, and Mutually Violent Relationships"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jeff R.","family":"Temple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Weston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1_187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00851.x"},{"key":"ref2_188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.126.5.651"},{"key":"ref3_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1989)15:5<337::AID-AB2480150502>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"15","author":"Archer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"ref4_190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.63.2.308"},{"key":"ref5_191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.276.8.640"},{"key":"ref6_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/089124390004001005","volume":"4","author":"Brush","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gender and Society"},{"key":"ref7_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759209376268","volume":"59","author":"Canary","year":"1992","journal-title":"Communication Monographs"},{"key":"ref8_194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.152.6.1178"},{"key":"ref9_195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.9.5.451"},{"key":"ref10_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/352500","volume":"51","author":"Crohan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"ref11_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowell, N. 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