{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:09:43Z","timestamp":1790636983254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Violence Vict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article aimed to analyze aggression\u2013victimization differentiation in middle-school students by empathy level, gender, and grade level. A total of 260 students living in a middle-low-socioeconomic region of Ankara, Turkey, participated in the study (mean age = 12.89, standard deviation = 0.96). Results indicated that the students were more likely to be victims of violent behaviors rather than being aggressors. We found a high probability that victims could become aggressors or vice versa. There were no significant differences between empathy and victimization\u2013aggression. Besides, the results revealed that boys were more prone to being victims and aggressors, especially concerning physical\u2013verbal aggression and harming properties. However, girls were more likely to be victims of isolation and\u2014to a lesser extent\u2014verbal aggression. We discussed these results in light of literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/vv-2021-0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T14:50:14Z","timestamp":1721659814000},"page":"458-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Aggression\u2013Victimization in Middle-Low Income Students in Turkey: Empathy Level, Gender, and Grade Level Differences"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Figen","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neriman","family":"Aral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sena","family":"\u00d6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bur\u00e7in","family":"Aysu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinidad","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.7596\/taksad.v7i2.1379","article-title":"Examination of the correlation between peer bullying, exposed to bullying, and emphatic tendencies of adolescent","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of History Culture and Art Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.2","first-page":"686","article-title":"Evaluation of violent behaviors in secondary school","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.007","article-title":"Predictors of school bullying perpetration in adolescence: A systematic review","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpal.2016.02.003","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Cyber-aggression questionnaire for adolescents (CYBA)","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01159","article-title":"The effect of parental control on cyber-victimization in adolescence: The mediating role of Impulsivity and high-risk behaviors","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.6","first-page":"174","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 perception of disruptive behaviour in the classrooms","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.7","first-page":"550","article-title":"Lise \u00d6\u011frencileri Aras\u0131ndaki Zorbal\u0131k Olaylar\u0131n\u0131n Cinsiyet, S\u0131n\u0131f D\u00fczeyi ve Okul T\u00fcr\u00fc Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Incelenmesi","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim Online"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.8","first-page":"316","article-title":"Peer bullying scale adolescent form. Akademik Bak\u0131\u015f Uluslararas\u0131 Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi","volume":"50","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Refereed Journal of Academic Sight"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025410396746"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkqvist, K . (1997). Learning aggression from models: From a social learning toward a cognitive theory of modeling. In In aggression: biological, developmental, and social perspectives (pp. 69\u201381). Boston, MA: Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-5883-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5883-5_5"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1992)18:2<117::AID-AB2480180205>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(98)00029-9"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128984"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.14","first-page":"81","article-title":"Peer bullying in elementary schools","volume":"24","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Uludag University Facultyof Education"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2008.00465.x"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.16","first-page":"2545","article-title":"Peer bullying in schools: A qualitative study according to teachers views (Okullarda Akran Zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131: \u00d6\u011fretmen G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine G\u00f6re Nitel Bir \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma)","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"OPUS-International Journal of Society Researches"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.07.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2019.1677246","article-title":"The Cognitive, Affective, and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES): Cross-cultural replication and specificity to different forms of aggression and victimization","volume":"103","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.137","article-title":"A comparison of peer bullying among high school students in Iran and Turkey","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00660.x"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.21","unstructured":"Cohen, J . (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 nd ed.). Lawrence Earlbaum Associates."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00145-1","article-title":"The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.23","first-page":"252","article-title":"School coexistence and learning in adolescence from a gender perspective","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5457\/p2005-114.66","article-title":"The effect of empathy on involving in bullying behavior","volume":"9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatrics Today"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397115625637"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.26","unstructured":"Filiz, A . (2009). The investigation of relationship between different secondary schools?s students? empathic tendency and aggressiveness [Mater Thesis]. Yeditepe University."},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcr156"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.08.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.29","first-page":"40","article-title":"An investigation of the prevalence of peer bullying among middle school students","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Education"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.30","unstructured":"G\u00fcrtunca, A . (2013). An index of empathy for children and adolescents Turkey reliability and validity work [Mater Thesis]. Arel University."},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.21017.x"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431601021001002"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01502-9","article-title":"Bullying, peer victimization, and child and adolescent health: An introduction to the special issue","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20154"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.02.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.36","first-page":"322","article-title":"Interactional effect of perceived emphatic classroom atmosphere and self-esteem on bullying","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elementary Education Online"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:2<81::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.38","first-page":"395","article-title":"Expressions of school violence in adolescence","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1454926","article-title":"Instructor and peer bullying in college students: Distinct Typologies based on latent class analysis","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.324"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.01.007","article-title":"Personality traits, empathy and bullying behavior: A meta-analytic approach","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.42","unstructured":"Olweus, D . (1987). Schoolyard bullying - grounds for intervention . School Safety."},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.43","unstructured":"Olweus, D . (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do . Blackwell Publishing."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21614","article-title":"Participant roles of bullying in adolescence: Status characteristics, social behavior, and assignment criteria","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.10.003","article-title":"A developmental perspective on popularity and the group process of bullying","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.46","unstructured":"\u015eahin, S . (2012). Basic developmental characteristics of 0-6 years of children: Physical and social development. In \u0130.H. Diken (Ed.), Early childhood education (pp. 170\u2013206). Pegem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.47","first-page":"119","article-title":"Evaluation of peer bullying in terms of sociodemographic variables in primary and secondary school students","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"District Case Journal of Public Health Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.48","first-page":"23","article-title":"Empathetic tendency in peer bullying groups","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University Faculty of Education"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, P. , Kwak, K. , & Toda, Y . (2016). School bullying in different cultures: Eastern and Western perspectives . Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139410878"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2010.506004","article-title":"Bullying and empathy: A Short\u2010Term longitudinal investigation","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.51","unstructured":"Ta\u015f, R . (2012). Urban poverty map of Ankara . Turgut \u00d6zal University Press (supported by Ankara Development Agency 2011 DFD. No:0052)."},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomann, C. R. , & Carter, A. S . (2008). Social and emotional development theories. In M. M. Haith & J. B. Benson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development (p. 199). Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370877-9.00149-3"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034312446882"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0135-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21858","article-title":"Effects of cooperative learning on peer relations, empathy, and bullying in middle school","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.012","article-title":"Adolescent bullying and personality: A cross-cultural approach","volume":"125","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.57","unstructured":"WISQARS. (2020). Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for injury prevention and control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (Online) . https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/"},{"key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.11.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090420151142000_39.4.458.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016683456","article-title":"Empathy and callous\u2013unemotional traits in different bullying roles: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"}],"container-title":["Violence and Victims"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1891\/VV-2021-0014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T03:17:22Z","timestamp":1725506242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/connect.springerpub.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1891\/VV-2021-0014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1891\/VV-2021-0014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vv-2021-0014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-6708","1945-7073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-6708","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]}}}