{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T03:01:08Z","timestamp":1775012468802,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Publishing Company","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Violence Vict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This qualitative study of theoretical frameworks was conducted to explain criminal offending and attitudes towards desistance from crime for a sample of 26 women reintegrating back into society after incarceration. Theoretical pathways and desistance theories were used to provide themes for analyzing in depth interviews, journal entries written by the study\u2019s participants, and halfway house records. Pathways and desistance perspectives suggest that gendered pathways can explain how women are led into criminal lifestyles, as well as how their criminality may come to an end. Distinct gender-specific policy implications and programs, as well as directions for future research, are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/vv-2021-0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T19:10:23Z","timestamp":1660677023000},"page":"659-682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In and Out of \u201cThe Lifestyle\u201d: Theoretical Explanations for Female Offending and Desistance From Crime"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558416684955","article-title":"Gender differences in desistance from crime: How do social bonds operate among formerly incarcerated emerging adults?","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Research"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.2","unstructured":"Alarid, L. F. , & CromwellF, P. (Eds.). (2006). In her own words: Women offenders\u2019 views on crime and victimization . Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.3","unstructured":"Alarid, L. F. , Marquart, J. W. , Burton, V. S., Jr , Cullen, F. T. , & Cuvilier, S. J. (2006). Do women play a primary or a secondary role in felony offenses? In L. F. Alarid , & P. Cromwell (Eds.), In her own words: Women offenders\u2019 views on crime and victimization (pp. 105\u2013113). Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Women of color: Processes of victimization and criminalization of black women","volume":"17","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Justice"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.5","unstructured":"Belknap, J. (2015). The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice (4th ed.). Cengage Learning."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000196","article-title":"The process of desistance among core ex-gang members","volume":"87","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.7","unstructured":"Bloom, B. , Owen, B. , & Covington, S. (2003). Gender responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders . US Department of Justice. National Institute of Corrections."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-1338.2004.00056.x"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128707306121"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinkmann, S. , & Kvale, S. (2018). Doing interviews . Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529716665"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.12","unstructured":"Chesney-Lind, M. (1997). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime . Sage."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesney-Lind, M. , & Pasko, L. (2004). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime (2nd ed.). Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452232157"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003288558306300105"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.15","unstructured":"Comack, E. (2006). Coping, resisting, and surviving: Connecting women\u2019s law violations to their histories of abuse. In L. F. Alarid , & P. Cromwell (Eds.), In her own words: Women offenders\u2019 views on crime and victimization (pp. 237\u2013245). Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.16","unstructured":"Covington, S. C. (1998). The relational theory of women\u2019s psychological development: Implications for the criminal justice system. In R. T. Zaplin (Ed.), Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (pp. 113\u2013128). Aspen."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covington, S. C. , & Bloom, B. E. (2006). Gender responsiveness and services in correctional settings. In E. Leeder (Ed.), Inside and out: Women, prison, and therapy (pp. 9\u201333). The Hawthorne Press.","DOI":"10.1300\/J015v29n03_02"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.18","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W. , & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.19","first-page":"11","article-title":"Women\u2019s pathways to felony court: Feminist theories of law breaking and problem of representation","volume":"2","year":"1992","journal-title":"Southern California Review of Law and Women\u2019s Studies"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.20","unstructured":"Daly, K. (1994). Gender, crime, and punishment . Yale University Press."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07418828800089871","article-title":"Feminism and criminology","volume":"5","year":"1988","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.22","unstructured":"Enos, S. (2001). Mothering from the inside: Parenting in a women\u2019s prison . State University of New York Press."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.23","unstructured":"Farrall, S. (2007). Social capital and offender reintegration: Making probation desistance focused. In S. Maruna , & R. Immarigeon (Eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration (pp. 57\u201382). Willan."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, G. (2018). Analyzing qualitative data (2nd ed.). Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526441867"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.25","unstructured":"Gido, R. L. , & Dalley, L. (2009). Women\u2019s mental health issues across the criminal justice system . Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.26","unstructured":"Gilfus, M. E. (2006). From victims to survivors to offenders: Women\u2019s routes of entry and immersion into street crime. In L. F. Alarid , & P. Cromwell (Eds.), In her own words Women offenders\u2019 views on crime and victimization (pp. 5\u201314). Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343191"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305278603"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427899036004001"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00184.x"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.31","unstructured":"Mallicoat, S. L. (2019). Women, gender, and crime: Core concepts . Sage."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.32","unstructured":"Marcus-Mendoza, S. T. , & Wright, E. (2003). Treating the women prisoner: The impact of a history of violence. In S. Sharp (Ed.), The incarcerated woman: Rehabilitative programming in women\u2019s prisons (pp. 107\u2013117). Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.33","first-page":"439","article-title":"The application of interrater reliability as a solidifaction instrument in a phenomenological study","volume":"10","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.34","unstructured":"Maruna, S. , & Innarigeon, R. (Eds.). (2004). After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration . Willan."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.35","unstructured":"Maher, L. , Dunlap, E. , & Johnson, B. D. (2006). Black women\u2019s pathways to involvement in illicit drug distribution and sales. In L. F. Alarid , & P. Cromwell (Eds.), In her own words: Women offenders\u2019 views on crime and victimization (pp. 237\u2013245). Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.36","unstructured":"Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (2nd ed.). Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499009551556","article-title":"Sexual behavior in AIDS-related research: Reliability and validity of recall and diary measures","volume":"27","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalsen, V. (2019). Mothering and desistance in re-entry . Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315624143"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.39","unstructured":"Miller, E. (1986). Street woman . Temple University Press."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moe, A. M. , & Ferraro, K. J. (2006). Criminalized mothers: The value and devaluation of parenthood from behind bars. In E. Leeder (Ed.), Inside and out: Women, prison, and therapy (pp. 135\u2013164). The Hawthorne Press.","DOI":"10.1300\/J015v29n03_08"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.41","first-page":"43","article-title":"Girls, gangs, and getting out: Gender differences and similarities in leaving the gang","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.42","unstructured":"Owen, B. (1998). In the mix: Struggle and survival in a women\u2019s prison . State University of New York."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.43","unstructured":"Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.44","unstructured":"Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry . Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.45","unstructured":"Pollock, J. (2004). Prisons and prison life: Costs and consequences . Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.46","unstructured":"Pollock-Byrne, J. (1990). Women, prison, and crime . Brooks\/Cole."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820600869152","article-title":"Assessing recidivism risk across female pathways to crime","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.48","unstructured":"Richie, B. E. (1996). Compelled to crime: The gendered entrapment of battered black women . Routledge."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128701047003005"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson, R. J. , & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life . Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128793039003010"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.51","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.52","first-page":"32","article-title":"Training inmates through industrial work participation and vocational and apprenticeship instruction","volume":"1","year":"1997","journal-title":"Corrections Management Quarterly"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.53","unstructured":"Sharp, S. (2014). Mean lives, mean laws: Oklahoma\u2019s women prisoners . Rutgers University Press."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.54","unstructured":"Sharp, S. (2003). Mothers in prison: Issues in parent-child contact. In S. Sharp (Ed.), The incarcerated woman: Rehabilitative programming in women\u2019s prisons (pp. 151\u2013165). Prentice Hall."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/acri.41.1.84"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.56","unstructured":"Sommers, I. , Baskin, D. R. , & Fagan, J. (2006). Pathways out of crime. In L. F. Alarid , & P. Cromwell (Eds.), In her own words: Women offenders\u2019 views on crime and victimization (pp. 237\u2013245). Roxbury."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.57","unstructured":"Uggen, C. , Manza, J. , & Behrens, A. (2007). Less than the average citizen: Stigma, role transition and the civic reintegration of convicted felons. In S. Maruna , & R. Immarigeon (Eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration (pp. 261\u2013293). Willan."},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885511415228"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-005-8127-x"},{"key":"2022100308102306000_37.5.659.60","unstructured":"Widom, C. S. (2000). Childhood victimization and the derailment of girls and women to the criminal justice system. In B. Richie , K. Tsenin , & C. Widom (Eds.), Research on women and girls in the criminal justice system (pp. 27\u201336). National Institute of Justice."}],"container-title":["Violence and Victims"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1891\/VV-2021-0029","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T15:12:03Z","timestamp":1664809923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/connect.springerpub.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1891\/VV-2021-0029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1891\/VV-2021-0029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vv-2021-0029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-6708","1945-7073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-6708","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}}}