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We hypothesized that (a) emerging adults would be more likely to experience NDII during the pandemic than other age groups, (b) that victims would experience more negative downstream consequences than nonvictims across nine health and well-being outcomes, and (c) that victims of marginalized identity groups would experience more severe negative outcomes than their nonvictim peers, as compared to those in more privileged identity groups. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to examine the effects of victimization, gender, race, and sexual orientation on all outcomes. Results supported hypothesis 2 but did not fully support hypotheses 1 and 3. During the pandemic, victims experienced worse well-being on all nine outcomes than nonvictims, and, unexpectedly, some of these outcomes (e.g., alcohol consumption) were further exacerbated in men (vs. women) victims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1891\/vv-2023-0146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T18:20:21Z","timestamp":1750875621000},"page":"630-660","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Victimization by Nonconsensual Distribution of Intimate Images Is Related to Lower Holistic Well-Being in a Diverse Sample of U.S. Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1891","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Randi","family":"Spiker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia A.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica F.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"793","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2025091007300581000_40.4.630.1","first-page":"3459","article-title":"Predictors of housing instability in women who have experienced intimate partner violence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"2025091007300581000_40.4.630.2","first-page":"1734","article-title":"Selfies, sexts, and sneaky hats: Young people\u2019s understandings of gendered practices of self-representation","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"2025091007300581000_40.4.630.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510370600"},{"key":"2025091007300581000_40.4.630.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr1002_3"},{"key":"2025091007300581000_40.4.630.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnett, J. 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