{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:39:31Z","timestamp":1790973571789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Adult dogs with degenerative myelopathy (DM) have progressive ataxia and paresis of the pelvic limbs, leading to paraplegia and euthanasia. Although most commonly reported in German Shepherd dogs, high disease prevalence exists in other breeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: Our aim was the clinical and histopathologic characterization of familial degenerative myelopathy (FDM) in Pembroke Welsh Corgi (PWC) dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Animals: Twenty-one PWCs were prospectively studied from initial diagnosis until euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Neurologic examination, blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, electrodiagnostic testing, and spinal imaging were performed. Concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (8-isoprostane) were measured in CSF. Routine histochemistry was used for neuropathology. Deoxyribonucleic acid and pedigrees were collected from 110 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Median duration of clinical signs before euthanasia was 19 months. Median age at euthanasia was 13 years. All dogs were nonambulatory paraparetic or paraplegic, and 15 dogs had thoracic limb weakness at euthanasia. Electrodiagnostic testing and spinal imaging were consistent with noncompressive myelopathy. No significant difference was detected in 8-isoprostane concentrations between normal and FDM-affected dogs. Axonal and myelin degeneration of the spinal cord was most severe in the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus. Pedigree analysis suggested a familial disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clinical progression of FDM in PWC dogs was similar to that observed in other breeds but characterized by a longer duration. Spinal cord pathology predominates as noninflammatory axonal degeneration. Oxidative stress injury associated with 8-isoprostane production is not involved in the pathogenesis of FDM-affected PWC dogs. A familial disease is suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01955.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,11]],"date-time":"2010-03-11T08:04:32Z","timestamp":1268294672000},"page":"1323-1331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Clinical Characterization of a Familial Degenerative Myelopathy in Pembroke Welsh Corgi Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Joan R","family":"Coates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, , Columbia, MO"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A","family":"March","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Departments of Veterinary Clinical Science, , Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University Departments of Clinical Sciences, , North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oglesbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Departments of Veterinary Biosciences, , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig G","family":"Ruaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha J","family":"Olby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy D","family":"Berghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Population Health, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis P","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, , Columbia, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University Departments of Biomedical Sciences, , North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary S","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, , Columbia, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303382997500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1973.162.12.1045","article-title":"Degenerative myelopathy in the aging German Shepherd dog: Clinical and pathologic findings","volume":"162","author":"Averill","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1975.tb05773.x","article-title":"Chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy in the dog","volume":"16","author":"Griffiths","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00772.x","article-title":"A degenerative myelopathy in young German shepherd dogs","volume":"31","author":"Longhofer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.186.11.1213","article-title":"Degenerative myelopathy in an adult miniature poodle","volume":"186","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.183.09.998","article-title":"Degenerative myelopathy in a family of Siberian husky dogs","volume":"183","author":"Bichsel","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b6","first-page":"414","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of progressive caudal paresis in an aged German Shepherd dog","volume":"11","author":"Kneller","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b7","first-page":"782","article-title":"Hip dysplasia and degenerative myelopathy: Making the distinction in dogs","author":"Braund","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1978.39.08.1309","article-title":"German Shepherd dog myelopathy: A morphologic and morphometric study","volume":"39","author":"Braund","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.03.425","article-title":"Arterial supply to the spinal cord of dogs and cats","volume":"50","author":"Caulkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310202","article-title":"Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses","volume":"31","author":"Beal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b11","first-page":"141","article-title":"Oxidative stress indicators are elevated in de novo Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Ilic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380304","article-title":"Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"38","author":"Beal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1999.16.1215","article-title":"Chronic and acute compressive spinal cord lesions in dogs due to intervertebral disk herniation are associated with elevation in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid glutamate concentration","volume":"16","author":"Olby","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50087-0","article-title":"Degenerative myelopathy","volume":"22","author":"Clemmons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b15","first-page":"1301","volume-title":"The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological Disease","author":"Shevell","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1987.tb01985.x","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: A vitamin E deficiency that may be familial","volume":"1","author":"Mayhew","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90117-2","article-title":"Vitamin E and neurologic function in man","volume":"6","author":"Sokol","year":"1989","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90649-8","article-title":"Pathogenesis of subacute combined degeneration: A result of methyl group deficiency","volume":"2","author":"Scott","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92314-0","article-title":"Animal model for subacute combined degeneration","volume":"2","author":"Dinn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.13.403","article-title":"Serum \u03b1-tocopherol concentrations in German shepherd dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy","volume":"148","author":"Johnston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.22.629","article-title":"Central nervous system pathology in 25 dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy","volume":"146","author":"Johnston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b22","first-page":"773","article-title":"Therapeutic considerations for degenerative myelopathy of German Shepherds","author":"Clemmons","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.1.23","article-title":"Hypothesis on the pathogenesis of vacuolar myelopathy, dementia, and peripheral neuropathy in AIDS","volume":"65","author":"Tan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317638","article-title":"Oxidative stress and nitration in neurodegeneration: Cause, effect, or association","volume":"111","author":"Ischiropoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b25","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle","author":"Kimura","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1979.40.10.1433","article-title":"Motor nerve conduction velocity and latency in the dog","volume":"40","author":"Walker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02364.x","article-title":"The influence of age on patellar reflex response in the dog","volume":"16","author":"Levine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686068","article-title":"Age changes in the dorsal and ventral lumbar nerve roots of dogs","volume":"32","author":"Griffiths","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b29","first-page":"470","volume-title":"Canine Neurology: Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Hoerlein","year":"1978"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2026020303382997500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1952.23.suppl-11.01","article-title":"A pathologic-anatomical study on disc degeneration in dog","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"1952","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b31","author":"Jenkins","year":"1978","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b32","author":"de Lahunta","year":"1983","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b33","first-page":"445","article-title":"Fiber groups and spinal pathways of cortically represented visceral afferents","volume":"14","author":"Amassian","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.4.2675","article-title":"Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway","volume":"76","author":"Al-Chaer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7675","article-title":"A visceral pain pathway in the dorsal column of the spinal cord","volume":"96","author":"Willis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceed Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.124.3.1209","article-title":"Progressive myelopathy in older German shepherd dogs. I. Depressed response to thymus-dependent mitogens","volume":"124","author":"Waxman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.124.3.1216","article-title":"Progressive myelopathy in older German shepherd dogs. II. Presence of circulating suppressor cells","volume":"124","author":"Waxman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b38","first-page":"830","volume-title":"Current Veterinary Therapy X: Small Animal Practice","author":"Clemmons","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b39","first-page":"20","article-title":"Immunohistochemical evidence for immunoglobulin and complement deposition in spinal cord lesions in degenerative myelopathy in German shepherd dogs","volume":"58","author":"Barclay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b40","first-page":"31","article-title":"Molecular genetic and expression analysis of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein mRNA in German Shepherd dogs with degenerative myelopathy","volume":"116","author":"Fechner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Berliner und Munchener Tierarzliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10990.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system","volume":"59","author":"Halliwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240602","article-title":"Biological differences between ischemia, hypoglycemia, and epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Auer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1876","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid isoprostane shows oxidative stress in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Greco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.562","article-title":"Increased CSF F2-isoprostane concentration","volume":"52","author":"Montine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020303382997500_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(97)00001-5","article-title":"The isoprostanes: Unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation","volume":"36","author":"Morrow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2007.tb01955.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/21\/6\/1323\/66678794\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01955.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/21\/6\/1323\/66678794\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01955.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:38:45Z","timestamp":1770107925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/21\/6\/1323\/8450422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"references-count":45,"aliases":["10.1892\/07-059.1"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01955.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}}}