{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:06:55Z","timestamp":1777594015708,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2014,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were performed on seven produced water (PW) effluents from inland discharge facilities operated in Trinidad and Tobago, a Caribbean tropical country with one of the oldest commercial oil industries in the world. The research was performed to determine the presence and magnitude of toxicity and characterize which toxicants are responsible for observed effects. Marine effluent toxicity characterizations with Metamysidopsis insularis revealed high whole acute toxic-unit response for produced water ranged from 8.1 to &amp;gt;17.0 acute toxic-unit (initial toxicity test) and 5.7 to 1,111 acute toxic-unit (baseline toxicity test). Toxicity test results for all sites except one, which had the highest toxicity, are comparative with similar studies on produced water. The toxicological causality of this complex mixture differed for each PW with nonpolar organics being consistently toxic in all samples. Other potential toxicants contributing to overall toxicity to a much lesser extent were metals, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. With the use of sodium thiosulfate and filtration manipulations for only PW6 sample, there was very slight reduction in toxicity; therefore, oxidants and filterable materials were not a great contributing factor. Whole effluent toxicity also can be attributed to ionic imbalance and the very stable oil-in-water emulsion that consists of fine oil droplets (less than 0.1\u201310 \u03bcm with an average diameter of 2.5 \u03bcm). This investigation is the first of its type in Trinidad and demonstrates clearly the applicability of this test method and local test species for evaluating complex effluents in tropical environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/02-530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T17:58:36Z","timestamp":1100800716000},"page":"1194-1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures for characterizing produced water using the tropical mysid, <i>Metamysidopsis insularis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Najila","family":"Elias-Samlalsingh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the West Indies, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Life Sciences, Zoology Unit, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John B. 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