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Thyroid endpoints, therefore, serve as biomarkers of exposure to environmental pollutants. However, the mechanisms underlying thyroid changes and their physiological consequences are poorly understood because the thyroid cascade may respond indirectly and it has considerable capacity to compensate for abuses that otherwise would disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Indeed, a xenobiotic-induced change in fish thyroid function has yet to be conclusively causally linked to decreased fitness or survival. Other complications in interpretation arise from the diversity of test conditions employed and the often indiscriminate use of numerous thyroid endpoints. Future work should be directed toward standardizing test conditions and thyroid endpoints and investigating causal links between thyroid changes and fish growth, reproduction, and development. Development may be particularly susceptible to thyroid disruption, and thyroid endpoints appropriate for early life stages need to be applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/03-242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T18:23:58Z","timestamp":1100802238000},"page":"1680-1701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":229,"title":["Contaminant effects on the teleost fish thyroid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. 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