{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:01:01Z","timestamp":1790762461072,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1800,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the relative effects of pesticides in current use and persistent residues of p,p\u2032-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p\u2032-DDE), we examined endocrine and immune responses in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) chicks from pesticide-sprayed apple orchards and reference sites in southern Ontario, Canada, during 2000 to 2001. Nests were exposed to as many as seven individual pesticide applications and up to five mixtures of pesticides during the egg-incubation and chick-rearing stage. Eggs collected from sprayed orchards contained higher p,p\u2032-DDE concentrations than eggs from reference sites. In 16-d-old tree swallows, no significant differences were found in body mass, basal corticosterone concentration, or the corticosterone stress response following a 10-min restraint of chicks sampled from sprayed orchards and reference sites. Challenge with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), however, produced a higher level of corticosterone secretion in tree swallow chicks from sprayed orchards relative to chicks from reference sites. Multiple regression analysis revealed no correlation between corticosterone concentrations and exposure to pesticide sprays or p,p\u2032-DDE in tree swallow chicks. In contrast, bluebird chicks from sprayed orchards were less responsive to challenge with ACTH and a significant negative association was found between the response to ACTH challenge and p,p\u2032-DDE concentration in eggs. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response was similar between exposure groups in both tree swallow and bluebird nestlings. Examination of immune organs revealed that tree swallow chicks from sprayed orchards had significantly greater thymic lymphocyte density and cortical\/medullary ratios and significant splenic B-cell hyperplasia relative to reference chicks. Our results indicate that modulation in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in songbird chicks tested are most associated with high p,p\u2032-DDE egg concentrations. An alteration in the endocrine or immune system may compromise songbird survival immediately after fledging or during migration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/03-428.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,23]],"date-time":"2004-11-23T14:36:10Z","timestamp":1101220570000},"page":"2930-2940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Stress and immune responses of nestling tree swallows (\n                    <i>Tachycinet bicolor<\/i>\n                    ) and eastern bluebirds (\n                    <i>Sialia sialis<\/i>\n                    ) exposed to nonpersistent pesticides and\n                    <i>p,p<\/i>\n                    \u2032-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in apple orchards of southern ontario, canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gregory J","family":"Mayne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela A","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Box 5050 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada, Environmental Conservation Branch, Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, British Columbia V4K 2N2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman J","family":"Boermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010313373945200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00214144","article-title":"Organochlorines and reproductive success of birds in orchard and non-orchard areas of Central British Columbia, 1990\u20131991","volume":"26","author":"Elliott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010313373945200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010098","article-title":"Transfer of DDT and metabolites from fruit orchard soils to American robins (Turdus migratorius) twenty years after agricultural use of DDT in Canada","volume":"39","author":"Harris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010313373945200_bib3","first-page":"588","article-title":"Reproduction of cavity-nesting birds in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in southern Ontario, Canada (1988\u20131994)","volume":"19","author":"Bishop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010313373945200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/009841098158241","article-title":"Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed orchards in Ontario, Canada. 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