{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:17:31Z","timestamp":1778671051862,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1683,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Perchlorate inhibits iodide uptake by thyroid follicles and lowers thyroid hormone production. Although several effects of perchlorate on the thyroid system have been reported, the utility of these pathologies as markers of environmental perchlorate exposures has not been adequately assessed. The present study examined time-course and concentration-dependent effects of perchlorate on thyroid follicle hypertrophy, colloid depletion, and angiogenesis; alterations in whole-body thyroxine (T4) levels; and somatic growth and condition factor of subadult and adult zebrafish. Changes in the intensity of the colloidal T4 ring previously observed in zebrafish also were examined immunohistochemically. Three-month-old zebrafish were exposed to ammonium perchlorate at measured perchlorate concentrations of 0, 11, 90, 1,131, and 11,480 ppb for 12 weeks and allowed to recover in clean water for 12 weeks. At two weeks of exposure, the lowest-observed-effective concentrations (LOECs) of perchlorate that induced angiogenesis and depressed the intensity of colloidal T4 ring were 90 and 1,131 ppb, respectively; other parameters were not affected (whole-body T4 was not determined at this time). At 12 weeks of exposure, LOECs for colloid depletion, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and colloidal T4 ring were 11,480, 1,131, 90, and 11 ppb, respectively. All changes were reversible, but residual effects on angiogenesis and colloidal T4 ring intensity were still present after 12 weeks of recovery (LOEC, 11,480 ppb). Whole-body T4 concentration, body growth (length and weight), and condition factor were not affected by perchlorate. The sensitivity and longevity of changes in colloidal T4 ring intensity and angiogenesis suggest their usefulness as novel markers of perchlorate exposure. The 12-week LOEC for colloidal T4 ring is the lowest reported for any perchlorate biomarker in aquatic vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/04-270r.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]],"date-time":"2005-04-25T16:52:22Z","timestamp":1114447942000},"page":"1107-1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Novel biomarkers of perchlorate exposure in zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Mukhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology and Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409\u20131160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409\u20133131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409\u20131160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reynaldo","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and Departments of Range Wildlife and Fisheries Management and of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409\u20132120"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010318041690100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5234","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.12.5234-5241.1999","article-title":"Ubiquity and diversity of dissimilatory (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria","volume":"65","author":"Coates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2025010318041690100_bib2","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025010318041690100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987487","article-title":"Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant","volume":"9","author":"Urbansky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2025010318041690100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016715502717","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of perchlorate in ecological receptors at the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant (LHAAP), Karnack, Texas","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025010318041690100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2003.4000","article-title":"Transport and biodegradation of perchlorate in soils","volume":"32","author":"Tipton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"2025010318041690100_bib6","volume-title":"Perchlorate environmental contamination: Toxicological review and risk characterization. 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