{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:17:05Z","timestamp":1789615025514,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1560,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The narcosis target lipid model (NTLM) was used to predict the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of six gasoline blending streams to algae (Pseudokirchnereilla subcapitata, formerly Selenastrum capricornutum), juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and water flea (Daphnia magna). Gasolines are comprised of hydrocarbons that on dissolution into the aqueous phase are expected to act via narcosis. Aquatic toxicity data were obtained using a lethal-loading test in which WAFs were prepared using different gasoline loadings. The compositions of the gasolines were determined by analysis of C3 to C13 hydrocarbons grouped in classes of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, aromatics, cyclic alkanes, and olefins. A model was developed to compute the concentrations of hydrocarbon blocks in WAFs based on gasoline composition and loading. The model accounts for the volume change of the gasoline, which varies depending on loading and volatilization loss. The predicted aqueous composition of WAFs compared favorably to measurements, and the predicted aqueous concentrations of WAFs were used in the NTLM to predict the aquatic toxicity of the gasolines. For each gasoline loading and species, total toxic units (TUs) were computed with an assumption of additivity. The acute toxicity of gasolines was predicted to within a factor of two for algae and daphnids. Predicted TUs overestimated toxicity to trout because of experimental factors that were not considered in the model. This analysis demonstrates the importance of aliphatic hydrocarbon loss to headspace during WAF preparation and the contribution of both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons test to the toxicity of gasolines in closed systems and loss of aliphatics to headspace during WAF preparation. Model calculations indicate that satisfactory toxicity predictions can be achieved by describing gasoline composition using a limited number of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon blocks with different octanol-water partition coefficients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/04-387r.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,23]],"date-time":"2005-08-23T18:46:44Z","timestamp":1124822804000},"page":"2382-2394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Validation of the narcosis target lipid model for petroleum products: Gasoline as a case study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Joy A.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HydroQual, Mahwah, New Jersey 07430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Parkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdi L.","family":"Hellweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic M.","family":"Di Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA"},{"name":"HydroQual, Mahwah, New Jersey 07430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1897\/1552-8618(1988)7[469:VFCFNI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Volume fraction correlation for narcosis in aquatic organisms: The key role of partitioning","volume":"7","author":"Abernethy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(91)90201-O","article-title":"QSARs for the sublethal responses of marine mussels (Mytilus edilus)","volume":"110","author":"Donkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-2561(98)00018-8","article-title":"Chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of oil-water systems","volume":"5","author":"Hokstad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spill Science and Technology Bulletin"},{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib4","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol 2E \u2014 Reactions and Processes","author":"Hermens","year":"1989"},{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620171014","article-title":"Volatile fractions of landfill leachates and their effect on Chylamydomonas reinhardii in vitro chlorophyll a fluorescence","volume":"17","author":"Brack","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib6","first-page":"1977","article-title":"PAH: A model to predict the toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in field-collected sediments","volume":"14","author":"Swartz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318063009000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190804","article-title":"Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. 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