{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:20:12Z","timestamp":1782829212367,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1348,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>It often is of interest to understand the relative importance of the different sources contributing to the concentration cw of a contaminant in a stream; the portions related to sources 1, 2, 3, etc. are denoted cw1, cw2, cw3, etc. Like cw, the fractions \u03b11 = cw,1\/cw, \u03b12 = cw,2\/cw, \u03b13 = cw,3\/cw, etc. depend on location and time. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can undergo absorption from the atmosphere into stream water or loss from stream water to the atmosphere, causing complexities affecting the source apportionment (SA) of VOCs in streams. Two SA rules are elaborated. Rule 1: VOC entering a stream across the air\/water interface exclusively is assigned to the atmospheric portion of cw. Rule 2: VOC loss by volatilization, flow loss to groundwater, in-stream degradation, etc. is distributed over cw,1, cw,2, cw,3, etc. in proportion to their corresponding a values. How the two SA rules are applied, as well as the nature of the SA output for a given case, will depend on whether transport across the air\/water interface is handled using the net flux F convention or using the individual fluxes J convention. Four hypothetical stream cases involving acetone, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), benzene, chloroform, and perchloroethylene (PCE) are considered. Acetone and MTBE are sufficiently water soluble from air for a domestic atmospheric source to be capable of yielding cw values approaching the common water quality guideline range of 1 to 10 \u03bcg\/L. For most other VOCs, such levels cause net outgassing (F &amp;gt; 0). When F &amp;gt; 0 in a given section of stream, in the net flux convention, all of the \u03b1j for the compound remain unchanged over that section while cw decreases. A characteristic time \u03c4d can be calculated to predict when there will be differences between SA results obtained by the net flux convention versus the individual fluxes convention. Source apportionment modeling provides the framework necessary for comparing different strategies for mitigating contamination at points of interest along a stream.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/05-205r1.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,22]],"date-time":"2006-03-22T17:08:27Z","timestamp":1143047307000},"page":"921-932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Source apportionment modeling of volatile organic compounds in streams"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"James F.","family":"Pankow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 20000 NW Walker Rd., Beaverton, OR 97006\u20138921"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Box 355640, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195\u20135640, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Zogorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Program, 1608 Mountain View Road, Rapid City, South Dakota 57702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Tracers and Modeling in Hydrogeol-ogy","author":"Adar","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1996.0494","article-title":"Source apportionment of riverine nitrogen transport based on catchment modeling","volume":"33","author":"Wittgren","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(97)00205-6","article-title":"GIS-based modeling of solute fluxes at the catchment scale: A case study of the agricultural contribution to the riverine nitrogen loading in the Vejle Fjord catchment, Denmark","volume":"106","author":"Skop","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol Model"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib4","volume-title":"Design of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Occurrence and distribution of water-quality conditions","author":"Gilliom","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib5","author":"Lopes","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-002-1559-5","article-title":"Environ-metric modeling and interpretation of river modeling data","volume":"374","author":"Simeonov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00398-1","article-title":"Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece","volume":"37","author":"Simeonov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.06.029","article-title":"Source apportionment of trace metals in surface waters of a polluted stream using multivariate statistical analyses","volume":"49","author":"Pekey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025010318162865600_bib9","first-page":"1531","article-title":"En-vironmetric study of the water quality of the Struma River basin, Bulgaria. 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