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One problem common to miniaturized systems, however, is the loss of test chemicals because of sorption. The idea of the current study was to use the sorption phenomenon in a positive way. It was found that contaminants sorbed to the growth surface in wells of tissue-culture plates or to the surface of selected sorbent bead materials are available to vertebrate cells growing in direct contact with the contaminant-coated surface. The use of beads provided more flexibility with regard to surface area, materials, and assay format. Biosilon, a bead cell-culture carrier made of polystyrene, was found to be most suitable. It supported cell adherence and allowed the detection of reproducible dose-response curves of an increase in cytochrome CYP1A enzyme activity by sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cell line, RTL-W1. The resulting bead assay provides a miniaturized, solvent-free exposure system. Potential future applications include the coupling to environmental sampling, in which the bead material is used as solid receiving phase before serving as a surface for vertebrate cells to attach and respond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/05-374r.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T21:18:09Z","timestamp":1146259089000},"page":"1390-1398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Development of a solvent-free, solid-phase in vitro bioassay using vertebrate cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Bopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ\u2014Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels 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