{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:23:45Z","timestamp":1791055425458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1195,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) and 5% hazardous concentrations (HC5) are distribution-based approaches for assessing environmental risks of pollutants. These methods have potential for application in pesticide risk assessments, but their applicability for assessing pesticide risks to soil invertebrate communities has not been evaluated. Using data obtained in a systematic review, the present study investigates the relevance of SSD and HC5 for predicting pesticide risks to soil invertebrates. Altogether, 1,950 laboratory toxicity data were obtained, representing 250 pesticides and 67 invertebrate taxa. The majority (96%) of pesticides have toxicity data for fewer than five species. Based on a minimum of five species, the best available endpoint data (acute mortality median lethal concentration) enabled SSD and HC5 to be calculated for 11 pesticides (atrazine, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, copper compounds, diazinon, dimethoate, \u03b3-hexachlorocyclohexane, lambda-cyhalothrin, parathion, pentachlorophenol, and propoxur). Arthropods and oligochaetes exhibit pronounced differences in their sensitivity to most of these pesticides. The standard test earthworm species, Eisenia fetida sensu lato, is the species that is least sensitive to insecticides based on acute mortality, whereas the standard Collembola test species, Folsomia candida, is among the most sensitive species for a broad range of toxic modes of action (biocide, fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide). These findings suggest that soil arthropods should be tested routinely in regulatory risk assessments. In addition, the data indicate that the uncertainty factor for earthworm acute mortality tests (i.e., 10) does not fully cover the range of earthworm species sensitivities and that acute mortality tests would not provide the most sensitive risk estimate for earthworms in the majority (95%) of cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/05-438r.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T20:54:20Z","timestamp":1157057660000},"page":"2480-2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in laboratory studies: A review and analysis using species sensitivity distributions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Geoff K.","family":"Frampton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"J\u00e4nsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECT Oekotoxikologie, B\u00f6ttgerstra\u00dfe 2-14, D-65439 Fl\u00f6rsheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janeck J.","family":"Scott-Fordsmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Ecology, National Environment Research Institute, Vejls\u00f8vej 25, P.O. Box 314, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"R\u00f6mbke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECT Oekotoxikologie, B\u00f6ttgerstra\u00dfe 2-14, D-65439 Fl\u00f6rsheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8080, 6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115332","article-title":"The soil fauna\u2014The other last biotic frontier","volume":"3","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biodiversity and Conservation"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(87)90205-3","article-title":"A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species","volume":"21","author":"Kooijman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(89)90018-3","article-title":"Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria","volume":"18","author":"Van Straalen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(91)90062-U","article-title":"Estimation of ecotoxicological protection levels from NOEC toxicity data","volume":"25","author":"Wagner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1993.1006","article-title":"Confidence limits for hazardous concentrations based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data","volume":"25","author":"Aldenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib6","volume-title":"The Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology","author":"Posthuma","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib7","author":"Health Council of the Netherlands.","year":"1989"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2307\/3545206","article-title":"Ecological implications of '95% protection levels' for metals in soils","volume":"66","author":"Hopkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030290879781","article-title":"Species sensitivity distributions revisited: A critical appraisal","volume":"8","author":"Forbes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2338.2003.00654.x","article-title":"EPPO Standards. Environmental risk assessment scheme for plant protection products. Chapter 8: Soil organisms and functions","volume":"33","author":"European Plant Protection Organization.","year":"2003","journal-title":"EPPO Bulletin"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib11","author":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib12","volume-title":"Soil quality\u2014Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction","author":"International Organization for Standardization.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib13","author":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib14","volume-title":"Soil quality\u2014Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants","author":"International Organization for Standardization.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib15","volume-title":"Soil quality\u2014Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.)\u2014 Determination of effects on reproduction and survival","author":"International Organization for Standardization.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02991070","article-title":"A laboratory test protocol to evaluate effects of plant protection products on mortality and reproduction of the predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae) in standard soil","volume":"3","author":"Bakker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib17","volume-title":"Soil quality\u2014Effects of pollutants on earthworms. Part 3: Guidance on the determination of effects in field situations","author":"International Organization for Standardization.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib18","author":"Hart","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib19","author":"Ecological Committee on FIFRA Risk Assessment Methods.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib20","author":"European Commission.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib21","author":"Scott-Fordsmand","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2000.0354","article-title":"Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for metals and metalloids in The Netherlands, taking into account background concentrations","volume":"60","author":"Crommentuijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1065\/uwsf2003.11.069","article-title":"Entwicklung von Pr\u00fcfwertempfehlungen f\u00fcr ausgew\u00e4hlte Schadstoffe zum Schutz des Bodens als Lebensraum f\u00fcr Bodenorganismen","volume":"16","author":"Wilke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung (UWSF)"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200810","article-title":"Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 5. Probabilistic risk assessment of linear alkyl-benzene sulfonates in sludge-amended soils","volume":"20","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-4056(24)00767-4","article-title":"Effects of atrazine on growth and reproduction of Orchesella cincta (Collembola)","volume":"26","author":"Badejo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1897\/05-439R.1","article-title":"Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in model ecosystem and field studies: A review and comparison with laboratory toxicity data","volume":"25","author":"J\u00e4nsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(01)00327-7","article-title":"Species sensitivity distributions: Data and model choice","volume":"45","author":"Wheeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008998405241","article-title":"Estimating the 5-percentile of the species sensitivity distributions without any assumptions about the distribution","volume":"10","author":"Van der Hoeven","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018639113818","article-title":"Bootstrap estimation of community NOEC values","volume":"6","author":"Jagoe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1897\/04-025R.1","article-title":"Insecticide species sensitivity distributions: The importance of test species selection and relevance to aquatic ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"Maltby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160904","article-title":"Extrapolation factors for small samples of pesticide toxicity data: Special focus on LD50 values for birds and mammals","volume":"16","author":"Luttik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib32","volume-title":"Guidance Document on Higher-tier Aquatic Risk Assessment for Pesticides (HARAP)","author":"Campbell","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1869","article-title":"Uncertainty of the hazardous concentration and fraction affected for normal species sensitivity distributions","volume":"46","author":"Aldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib34","author":"European Commission.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)10024-8","article-title":"Analysis of the ECETOC Aquatic Toxicity (EAT) database. II\u2014Comparison of acute to chronic ratios for various aquatic organisms and chemical substances","volume":"36","author":"L\u00e4nge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib36","author":"Elmegaard","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-001-0009-2","article-title":"The effect of lindane on terrestrial invertebrates","volume":"42","author":"Lock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1139\/a05-007","article-title":"Identification of the ecological requirements of important terrestrial ecotoxicological test species","volume":"13","author":"J\u00e4nsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Rev"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib39","author":"European Union.","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025010318172167500_bib40","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxiology","author":"Van den Brink","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1897%2F05-438R.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/25\/9\/2480\/59686161\/5620250927.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/25\/9\/2480\/59686161\/5620250927.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T18:49:31Z","timestamp":1736534971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/25\/9\/2480\/7771552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/05-438r.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-07-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-12-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}