{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:26:01Z","timestamp":1773386761726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1287,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected adult cave swallows (Petrochelidon fulva) and cliff swallows (P. pyrrhonota) during the breeding seasons in 1999 and 2000 from eight locations along the Rio Grande from Brownsville to El Paso (unless otherwise specified, all locations are Texas, USA) and an out-of-basin reference location. Body mass, spleen mass, hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), thyroxine (T4) in plasma, DNA damage measured as the half-peak coefficient of variation of DNA content (HPCV) in blood cells, as well as acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in brain were compared with concentrations of organochlorines, metals, and metalloids in carcasses to determine potential effects of contaminants on swallows during the breeding season. Concentrations of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p\u2032-DDE) were significantly greater in swallows from El Paso than in those from most locations, except for Pharr and Llano Grande. All swallows from these three locations had p,p\u2032-DDE concentrations of 3 \u03bcg\/g wet weight or greater. Swallows from El Paso either had or shared the highest concentrations of p,p\u2032-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and 13 inorganic elements. Swallows from El Paso exhibited greater spleen mass and HPCV values as well as lower T4 values compared with those from other locations. Thyroxine was a potential biomarker of contaminant exposure in swallows of the Rio Grande, because it was negatively correlated with p,p\u2032-DDE and Se. Spleen mass was positively correlated with selenium and HSI and negatively correlated with body mass, GSI, Mn, and Ni. Overall, the present study suggests that insectivorous birds living in areas of high agricultural and industrial activity along the Rio Grande bioaccumulate environmental contaminants. These contaminants, particularly p,p\u2032-DDE, may be among multiple factors that impact endocrine and hematopoietic function in Rio Grande swallows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/05-447r.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,15]],"date-time":"2006-05-15T19:16:35Z","timestamp":1147720595000},"page":"1574-1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biomarkers of exposure and effects of environmental contaminants on swallows nesting along the Rio Grande, Texas, USA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 316 Nagle Hall, 2258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843\u20132258, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Musquiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 2258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843\u20132258, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Bickham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 2258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843\u20132258, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duncan S.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843\u20133258, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Department, Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409\u20131163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judit K.","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Department, Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409\u20131163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cole W.","family":"Matson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 2258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843\u20132258, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib1","author":"Schmitt","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(01)00027-7","article-title":"Initial results of environmental monitoring in the Texas Rio Grande Valley","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib3","author":"Mora","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib4","author":"Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission.","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib5","author":"Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101378","article-title":"Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans","volume":"101","author":"Colborn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10256010500053953","article-title":"Regional variation and relationships between DDE and selenium and stable isotopes in swallows nesting along the Rio Grande","volume":"41","author":"Mora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib8","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Birds of North America","author":"West","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib9","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Birds of North America","author":"Brown","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025010318132019700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/009841098158250","article-title":"Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. 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