{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T18:40:28Z","timestamp":1735929628662,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1104,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soil are an important determinant of their chemical availability and transport. Laboratory examination of microscale PAH\u2013soil interaction is limited by the availability of methods for particle-scale observation. Inverted epifluorescence microscopy, combined with digital photography and computer image analysis, was evaluated for specificity and linearity using dissolved PAHs. A pyrene filter (excitation wavelength, 360\u2013400 nm; emission wavelength, 450\u2013520 nm) gave nonspecific PAH fluorescence, and bias for fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene, and benz[a]anthracene was quantified in comparison to that for pyrene. Concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM for anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene and from 1 to 50 mM for naphthalene produced a linear response with low interpixel variability. Liquid-phase analyses validated use of the technique for the descriptive analysis of PAH distribution in solid samples, but liquid-phase calibration was not quantitative for spiked or field-contaminated soils. The mean luminance for three field soils was proportional to the values predicted from their chemically measured concentrations and to values from spiked, aged, uncontaminated materials. Image analysis of laboratory- and field-contaminated samples determined the area distribution of fluorescent intensity and the size of fluorescent areas exceeding a threshold luminance. These qualitative descriptions of the microscale spatial distribution of PAH contamination are presented as potential endpoints for future research on biogeochemical interactions in heavily contaminated solids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/06-147r.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]],"date-time":"2006-12-04T20:31:06Z","timestamp":1165264266000},"page":"3093-3100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis of high-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soils"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"J. Chadwick","family":"Roper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schoonhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Swenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic K.","family":"Pfaender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097394","article-title":"Interactions and self-organization in the soil\u2013microbe complex","volume":"304","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Bioremediation of environments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"6","author":"Mueller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechnol Res Ser"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.2002.2225","article-title":"Microbial toxicity tests and chemical analysis as monitoring parameters at composting of creosote-contaminated soil","volume":"53","author":"Ahtiainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1021\/es0105820","article-title":"Particle-scale investigation of PAH desorption kinetics and thermodynamics from sediment","volume":"35","author":"Ghosh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1021\/es991032t","article-title":"Microscale location, characterization, and association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on harbor sediment particles","volume":"34","author":"Ghosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1021\/es020833k","article-title":"PCB and PAH speciation among particle types in contaminated harbor sediments and effects on PAH bioavailability","volume":"37","author":"Ghosh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1021\/es010897f","article-title":"Particle-scale understanding of the bioavailability of PAHs in sediment","volume":"36","author":"Talley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00455-X","article-title":"Sorption of humic acid to soil: The role of soil mineral composition","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1021\/es991026x","article-title":"Characterization of contaminated soils using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and cryogenic-scanning electron microscopy","volume":"34","author":"Karimi-Lotfabad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib10","first-page":"1246","article-title":"Confocal imaging of in situ natural microbial communities and their extracellular polymeric secretions using Nanoplast\u00ae resin","volume":"27","author":"Decho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00098-5","article-title":"Characterization of carbonaceous combustion residues. I. Morphological, elemental, and spectroscopic features","volume":"51","author":"Fernandes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00727531","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy of polynuclear aromatic compounds in environmental monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Kumke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Fluorescence"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1021\/es049915u","article-title":"A novel approach for visualizing and tracking organic chemicals in plants","volume":"38","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1021\/es0494196","article-title":"Real-time visualization and quantification of PAH photodegradation on and within plant leaves","volume":"39","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160410","article-title":"Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in soils: Relationship to soil characteristics and pre-exposure","volume":"16","author":"Carmichael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1021\/es9602105","article-title":"Desorption and mineralization kinetics of phenanthrene and chrysene in contaminated soils","volume":"31","author":"Carmichael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1021\/es00056a017","article-title":"Interaction of hydrophobic organic compounds with mineral-bound humic substances","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00405-3","article-title":"Phenanthrene binding and sorption to dissolved and to mineral-associated humic acid","volume":"32","author":"Laor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1021\/es015796w","article-title":"Phenanthrene sorption by aliphatic-rich natural organic matter","volume":"36","author":"Salloum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1021\/es970614c","article-title":"Partition characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments","volume":"32","author":"Chiou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990370+","article-title":"On-column visualization of sample migration in liquid chromatography","volume":"72","author":"Shalliker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1021\/es00011a003","article-title":"How toxic are toxic chemicals in soil","volume":"29","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1021\/es970740g","article-title":"Differences in sequestration and bioavailability of organic compounds aged in dissimilar soils","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1021\/es9705304","article-title":"Role of nanoporosity and hydrophobicity in sequestration and bioavailability: Tests with model solids","volume":"32","author":"Nam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Soil Science: The Soil as a Natural Resource: Reactions at Surfaces","year":"1997","author":"White","key":"2025010318070139800_bib25"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib26","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Organic Substances and Sediments in Water","author":"Leenheer","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025010318070139800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1021\/es00050a007","article-title":"Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: Mechanisms and models","volume":"28","author":"Gu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"year":"2004","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","key":"2025010318070139800_bib28"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1897%2F06-147R.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/25\/12\/3093\/59680510\/5620251202.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/25\/12\/3093\/59680510\/5620251202.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T18:23:09Z","timestamp":1735928589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/25\/12\/3093\/7770785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/06-147r.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0730-7268"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1552-8618"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-06-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-12-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}