{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:54:45Z","timestamp":1790834085700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":587,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We examined the transfer of Cd, methylmercury (MeHg), and Po in an estuarine food chain (from phytoplankton to zooplankton [Daphnia pulex] to killifish [Fundulus heteroclitus] and, finally, to juvenile striped bass [Morone saxatilis]) to better understand both the extent to which these elements may biomagnify and the underlying mechanisms governing this biomagnification. Among the phytoplankton examined (Cyclotella meneghiniana and Chlamdomonas reinhardtii), metal uptake was rapid, and volume concentration factors for all metals reached values between 104 and 105. The resulting assimilation efficiencies (AEs) of ingested metals in all animals were highest for MeHg, with values greater than 76%. The AEs of Cd were 21 to 33% in D. pulex, 1 to 16% in F. heteroclitus, and 38 to 56% in M. saxatilis. Polonium AEs were 69 to 87% in D. pulex, 25 to 41% in F. heteroclitus, and 9 to 21% in M. saxatilis. Loss rate constants (ke) of metals in D. pulex ranged from 0.04\/d for MeHg to 0.39\/d for Po; metal ke values for F. heteroclitus ranged from 0.01 to 0.02\/d. Using a kinetic model, we showed that the trophic transfer factor, defined as the ratio of metal concentration in predatory animals to metal concentration in prey organisms, was greater than unity for all three metals in D. pulex feeding on phytoplankton, suggesting that these metals may be biomagnified at this trophic step. In killifish feeding on D. pulex, the trophic transfer factor was consistently greater than one for MeHg, consistently less than one for Cd, and from 0.1 to 1.4 for Po, suggesting that both MeHg and Po have the potential to biomagnify at this trophic step.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/07-318.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,17]],"date-time":"2008-04-17T20:22:40Z","timestamp":1208463760000},"page":"1093-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Evaluating the trophic transfer of cadmium, polonium, and methylmercury in an estuarine food chain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Mathews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3354\/meps243295","article-title":"Interactions of trace metals and different marine food chains","volume":"243","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib2","first-page":"3","article-title":"The replacement of the nondescript term heavy metals by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions","volume":"1","author":"Nieboer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1126\/science.251.4995.794","article-title":"The assimilation of elements ingested by marine copepods","volume":"251","author":"Reinfelder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.7.1730","article-title":"Rates and routes of trace element uptake in zebra mussels","volume":"44","author":"Roditi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.3.0646","article-title":"Assimilation and retention of selenium and other trace elements from crustacean food by juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","volume":"47","author":"Baines","year":"2002","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3354\/meps261257","article-title":"Bioaccumulation kinetics and exposure pathways of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in a marine fish, the sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3354\/meps238173","article-title":"Exposure and potential food chain transfer factor of Cd, Se, and Zn in marine fish Lutjanus argentimaculatus","volume":"238","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2005.50.5.1511","article-title":"Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature","volume":"50","author":"Croteau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3354\/meps177189","article-title":"Po-210 binding to metallothioneins and ferritin in the liver of teleost marine fish","volume":"177","author":"Durand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0265-931X(95)00081-K","article-title":"Polonium-210 in mussels and fish from the Baltic North Sea estuary","volume":"32","author":"Dahlgaard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Environ Radioact"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00398136","article-title":"Po-210 and Pb-210 in marine food chains","volume":"52","author":"Heyraud","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0265-931X(96)00005-7","article-title":"A comparison of doses from Cs-137 and Po-210 in marine food: A major international study","volume":"34","author":"Aarkrog","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Environ Radioact"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703400","article-title":"A study on distribution of natural radionuclide polonium-210 in a pond ecosystem","volume":"22","author":"Hameed","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib14","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems","author":"Fisher","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8714-9_3","volume-title":"Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals","author":"Guillard","year":"1975"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1983.28.3.0432","article-title":"Interactions of marine plankton with transuranic elements. 1. Biokinetics of neptunium, plutonium, americium, and californium in phytoplankton","volume":"28","author":"Fisher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib17","first-page":"336","volume-title":"A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters","author":"Peters","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3989.1248","article-title":"Chemical methylation of inorganic mercury with methylcobalamin, a vitamin-B12 analog","volume":"172","author":"Imura","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0739(199709)11:9<751::AID-AOC631>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Working methods paper\u2014Fast and high-yield synthesis of radioactive (CH3Hg)-Hg-203(II)","volume":"11","author":"Rouleau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Organomet Chem"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.572","article-title":"High-yield synthesis of milligram amounts of isotopi-cally enriched methylmercury ((CH3HgCl)-Hg-198)","volume":"18","author":"Bancon-Montigny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Organomet Chem"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1139\/f81-040","article-title":"Equilibrium model of fate of microcontaminants in diverse aquatic food chains","volume":"38","author":"Thomann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00225-3","article-title":"Trace element trophic transfer in aquatic organisms: A critique of the kinetic model approach","volume":"219","author":"Reinfelder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00158-8","article-title":"Delineating metal accumulation pathways for aquatic invertebrates","volume":"237\/238","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7477","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611261104","article-title":"Stoichiometric controls of mercury dilution by growth","volume":"104","author":"Karimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03041.x","article-title":"Food consumption by tropical and temperate fish populations\u2014Some generalizations","volume":"35","author":"Pauly","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010089","article-title":"Experimental kinetic rates of food-chain and waterborne radionuclide transfer to freshwater fish: A basis for the construction of fish contamination charts","volume":"39","author":"Garnier-Laplace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib27","first-page":"39","article-title":"Modeling metal bioavailability for marine mussels","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2003.48.3.1193","article-title":"Experimental studies on the accumulation of polonium-210 by marine phytoplankton","volume":"48","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/203139a0","article-title":"Alpha-radioactivity of plankton","volume":"203","author":"Cherry","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(70)90072-4","article-title":"Po-210 and Pb-210 in marine environment","volume":"34","author":"Shannon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib31","first-page":"163","article-title":"The residence time of 210Po and 210Pb related to plankton in surface waters off Misaki, Japan","volume":"32","author":"Tateda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radioprotection-Colloques"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1021\/es060966w","article-title":"Accumulation of inorganic and methylmercury by freshwater phytoplankton in two contrasting water bodies","volume":"41","author":"Pickhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1972.17.5.0661","article-title":"pH-Dependent model for chemical speciation of copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in seawater","volume":"17","author":"Zirino","year":"1972","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-588608-6.50009-2","volume-title":"Chemical Oceanography","author":"Bruland","year":"1983"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/meps018201","article-title":"Accumulation and toxicity of Cd, Zn, Ag, and Hg in four marine phytoplankters","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00285-6","article-title":"Mercury and methylmercury transport through an urban watershed","volume":"32","author":"Mason","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189700","article-title":"The role of dissolved organic carbon in the chemistry and bioavailability of mercury in remote Adirondack lakes","volume":"80","author":"Driscoll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.09.039","article-title":"Influences of iron, manganese, and dissolved organic carbon on the hypolimnetic cycling of amended mercury","volume":"368","author":"Chadwick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2003.48.5.2011","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of polonium-210 in marine copepods","volume":"48","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3354\/meps103251","article-title":"A double-tracer technique to determine the relative importance of water and food as sources of Po-210 to marine prawns and fish","volume":"103","author":"Carvalho","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.1.0028","article-title":"Trophic transfer of trace metals from protozoa to mesozooplankton","volume":"49","author":"Twining","year":"2004","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1021\/es001730+","article-title":"Formation and emission of volatile polonium compound by microbial activity and polonium methylation with methylcobalamin","volume":"35","author":"Momoshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0265-931X(02)00028-0","article-title":"Biologically induced Po emission from fresh water","volume":"63","author":"Momoshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Environ Radioact"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1897\/05-595R.1","article-title":"Contrasting uptake routes and tissue distributions of inorganic and methylmercury in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus)","volume":"25","author":"Pickhardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005959211768","article-title":"Accumulation of mercury in estuarine food chains","volume":"40","author":"Lawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biogeochem"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00180-X","article-title":"Trophic transfer of heavy metals from freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna to zebrafish Danio reiro","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.8.1783","article-title":"Retention of elements absorbed by juvenile fish (Menidia menidia, Menidia beryllina) from zooplankton prey","volume":"39","author":"Reinfelder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib48","article-title":"Assimilation and retention of metals in teleost and elasmobranch fish following dietary exposure","author":"Mathews"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.40.4.777-782.1980","article-title":"Mercury methylation by fish intestinal contents","volume":"40","author":"Rudd","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622102","article-title":"Biotransformation of mercurials by intestinal microorganisms isolated from yellowfin tuna","volume":"26","author":"Panhou","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(01)00205-3","article-title":"Dominance of dietary intake of cadmium and zinc by two marine predatory gastropods","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1897\/06-101R.1","article-title":"Multiphase biokinetic modeling of cadmium accumulation in Daphnia magna from dietary and aqueous sources","volume":"25","author":"Guan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1357\/002224098765213649","article-title":"Excretion of trace elements by marine copepods and their bioavailability to diatoms","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Mar Res"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1021\/es950373d","article-title":"Uptake, toxicity, and trophic transfer of mercury in a coastal diatom","volume":"30","author":"Mason","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010317064862500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1998.43.2.0273","article-title":"Accumulation of trace elements in a marine copepod","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1897%2F07-318.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/27\/5\/1093\/59850209\/etc5620270511.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/27\/5\/1093\/59850209\/etc5620270511.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T17:25:47Z","timestamp":1735925147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/27\/5\/1093\/7764293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/07-318.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-10-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-12-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}