{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:24:32Z","timestamp":1793276672500,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1769,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are nearly ubiquitous contaminants of freshwater and marine sediments. Sediment PAHs are derived from combustion of organic matter, fossil fuels, and biosynthesis by microbes. Pyrogenic PAHs, particularly those associated with combustion particles (soot), have a low accessibility and bioavailability in sediments. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with petroleum, creosote, or coal tar in sediments may have a moderate accessibility\/bioavailability, particularly if the PAHs are part of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase that is in contact with sediment pore water. We present a method for estimating the hazard of complex PAH assemblage in sediments to benthic organisms. Concentrations of all PAHs in sediment pore water are estimated by an equilibrium partitioning model relative to concentrations in bulk sediment. Predicted log Koc values can be used for predicting sediment\/water partitioning of petrogenic PAH, but empirically derived log Kd values are needed to predict partitioning of pyrogenic PAH. A hazard quotient (HQ) for each PAH is calculated as the ratio of the estimated concentration in pore water to the chronic toxicity of the PAH determined by a log Kow\/toxicity model. Hazard quotients for all PAH in a sample are summed to produce a hazard index (HI), which is a measure of the worst-case estimated hazard of the sediment PAH to benthic organisms. The results of this study show that the integration of HI results with PAH source data provides insights into the causes of sediment toxicity that are useful in an ecological risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/ieam_2004a-016.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]],"date-time":"2004-11-15T17:32:15Z","timestamp":1100539935000},"page":"22-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":361,"title":["Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jerry M.","family":"Neff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle, 397 Washington Street, Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Fields Environmental Forensics Practice LLC, 100 Ledgewood Place, Rockland, Massachusetts 02370, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald G.","family":"Gunster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030390251029","article-title":"Are exposure and ecological risks of PAHs underestimated at petroleum contaminated sites?","volume":"9","author":"Barron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170501","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"17","author":"Baumard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(96)00010-1","article-title":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill","volume":"24","author":"Bence","year":"1996","journal-title":"Org Geochem"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(97)00051-9","article-title":"Application of petroleum hydrocarbon chemical fingerprinting and allocation techniques after the Exxon Valdez oil spill","volume":"34","author":"Boehm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib5","first-page":"799","volume-title":"The use of double-ratio plots of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) alkyl homologues for petroleum source identification","author":"Brown","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1021\/es000092s","article-title":"Quantification of the soot-water distribution coefficient of PAHs provides mechanistic basis for enhanced sorption observations","volume":"34","author":"Bucheli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160605","article-title":"A principal component and least-squares method for allocating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment to multiple sources","volume":"16","author":"Burns","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:11(1022)","article-title":"PAHs in sediments: Unmixing and CMB modeling of sources","volume":"125","author":"Christensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Environ Engin"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib9","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","author":"Connell","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1021\/es034776m","article-title":"Sorption of phenanthreneto environmental black carbon in sediment with and without organic matter and native sorbates","volume":"38","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1136(94)00150-N","article-title":"Distribution of chemical concentrations in US coastal and estuarine sediment","volume":"40","author":"Daskalakis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"2025010718392417500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190804","article-title":"Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. 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