{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T01:59:20Z","timestamp":1773712760635,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":949,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ecotoxicological effect factors are part of the analysis of relative impacts by chemical contaminants on ecosystems. Uncertainty distributions, represented by the 90% confidence interval, belonging to ecotoxicological effect factors for freshwater ecosystems were determined. This study includes 869 high production volume chemicals, related to 7 nonspecific toxic modes of action (TMoAs). The ecotoxicological effect factors are divided into a TMoA-specific part and a chemical-specific part. The 90% confidence interval of the TMoA-specific part of the effect factor ranges from 23 orders of magnitude for acrylate toxicity to 2 orders of magnitude for nonpolar narcosis. The range in the TMoA-specific part of the effect factor is mainly caused by uncertainty in the spread in toxic sensitivity between species (\u03c3j). Average uncertainty in the chemical-specific part of the effect factors depends on the number of species tested and ranges on average from a factor of 5 for more than 3 species tested to a factor of about 1,000 for 2 species tested. Average uncertainty in the ecotoxicological effect factors ranges from a factor of 100 for more than 3 species tested to a factor of nearly 10,000 for 2 species tested. It is recommended that the ecotoxicological effect factor of a chemical is based on toxicity data of at least 4 species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/ieam_2006-013.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,9]],"date-time":"2007-04-09T18:34:01Z","timestamp":1176143641000},"page":"203-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Uncertainty in msPAF-based ecotoxicological effect factors for freshwater ecosystems in life cycle impact assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Rosalie","family":"van Zelm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark AJ","family":"Huijbregts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasper V","family":"Harbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arjen","family":"Wintersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecological Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Struijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Posthuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dik","family":"van de Meent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010718421705100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1869","article-title":"Uncertainty of the hazardous concentration and fraction affected for normal species sensitivity distributions","volume":"46","author":"Aldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010718421705100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1897\/01-261","article-title":"Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting potential ecological hazard of organic chemicals for use in regulatory risk assessments","volume":"22","author":"Comber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010718421705100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190234","article-title":"What level of effect is a no observed effect?","volume":"19","author":"Crane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010718421705100_bib4","volume-title":"Crystal Ball, version 7.1.2. 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